QSO Absorbing Galaxies at z<~1: Deep Imaging and Spectroscopy in the Field of 3C 336

We present very deep WFPC2 images and FOS spectroscopy from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) together with numerous supporting ground-based observations of the field of the quasar 3C 336 ($z_{em}=0.927$). The observations are designed to investigate the nature of galaxies producing metal line absorption systems in the spectrum of the QSO. Along a single line of sight, we find at least 6 metal line absorption systems (of which 3 are newly discovered) ranging in redshift from 0.317 to 0.892. Through an extensive program of optical and IR imaging, QSO spectroscopy, and faint galaxy spectroscopy, we have identified 5 of the 6 metal line absorption systems with luminous (L_K > 0.1 L*_K) galaxies. These have morphologies ranging from very late-type spiral to S0, and exhibit a wide range of inclination and position angles with respect to the QSO sightline. The only unidentified absorber, despite our intensive search, is a damped Lyman $\alpha$ system at $z_{abs}=0.656$. Analysis of the absorption spectrum suggests that the metal abundances ([Fe/H]$=-1.2$) in this system are similar to those in damped systems at $z \sim 2$, and to the two other damped systems for which abundances have been determined at $z <1$. We have found no examples of intrinsically faint galaxies ($L < 0.1 L^{\ast}$) at small impact parameters that might have been missed as absorber candidates in our previous ground-based imaging and spectroscopic programs on MgII absorbing galaxies. There are no bright galaxies (L > 0.1 L_K) within 50h^{-1} kpc which do not produce detectable metal lines (of Mg II 2796, 2803 and/or C IV 1548, 1550) in the QSO spectrum. All of these results generally support the inferences which we have previously reached from a larger survey for absorption-selected galaxies at z\simlt 1.Comment: 32 pages latex (AAS v4.0 style). 8 Postscript figures (including HST plate) available at ftp://astro.caltech.edu/users/ccs/3c336_figs.ps.gz . Submitted to Ap

GNOSIS: the first instrument to use fibre Bragg gratings for OH suppression

GNOSIS is a prototype astrophotonic instrument that utilizes OH suppression fibres consisting of fibre Bragg gratings and photonic lanterns to suppress the 103 brightest atmospheric emission doublets between 1.47-1.7 microns. GNOSIS was commissioned at the 3.9-meter Anglo-Australian Telescope with the IRIS2 spectrograph to demonstrate the potential of OH suppression fibres, but may be potentially used with any telescope and spectrograph combination. Unlike previous atmospheric suppression techniques GNOSIS suppresses the lines before dispersion and in a manner that depends purely on wavelength. We present the instrument design and report the results of laboratory and on-sky tests from commissioning. While these tests demonstrated high throughput and excellent suppression of the skylines by the OH suppression fibres, surprisingly GNOSIS produced no significant reduction in the interline background and the sensitivity of GNOSIS and IRIS2 is about the same as IRIS2. It is unclear whether the lack of reduction in the interline background is due to physical sources or systematic errors as the observations are detector noise-dominated. OH suppression fibres could potentially impact ground-based astronomy at the level of adaptive optics or greater. However, until a clear reduction in the interline background and the corresponding increasing in sensitivity is demonstrated optimized OH suppression fibres paired with a fibre-fed spectrograph will at least provide a real benefits at low resolving powers.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, accepted to A

GNOSIS: The first instrument to use fiber bragg gratings for OH suppression

The near-infrared is an important part of the spectrum in astronomy, especially in cosmology because the light from objects in the early universe is redshifted to these wavelengths. However, deep near-infrared observations are extremely difficult to makeThe GNOSIS team acknowledges funding by ARC LIEF grant LE100100164. C.Q.T. gratefully acknowledges support by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1035963

Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection

Searching for consensus in the approach to patients with chronic lateral ankle instability: ask the expert

The purpose of this study is to propose recommendations for the treatment of patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CAI) based on expert opinions.status: accepte