Efekti upotrebe sirćetne kiseline kao konzervansa pri siliranju lucerke

The influence of acetic acid as the chemical conservant in three doses (4, 6 8 g/kg green mass) on the intensity of fermentation and proteolysis in lucerne silage was investigated. On the basis of chemical analysis, it was found that with the increase of conservant dose the pH value decreased aminogenesis and nitrogen solubility was limited. In silages treated the absolute and relative domination of acetic acid was found in total acid content. The increase of free and bonded acetic acid was discovered with the increase of conservant dose. Free butyric acid was not detected, while bonded butyric acid was present in negligible concentration, without effect on silage quality. Compared to control silage (III quality class according to DLG and Zelter method), a significant increase of acetic acid in silages resulted in the decline of their quality, and they were ranked as not useful (V quality class according to DLG method), or on the margin of usefulness (IV quality class according to Zelter method). In spite of some foreign references, domestic experiences show that acetic acid is not an effective conservant and it is not recommended for that use for lucerne that is not simple to ensile.U eksperimentu je ispitivan uticaj sirćetne kiseline, korišćene u svojstvu hemijskog konzervansa u tri doze (4, 6 i 8 g/kg zelene mase) na intenzitet fermentacije i proteolize u silažama lucerke. Na osnovu rezultata hemijskih analiza utvrđeno je da je sa porastom doze konzervansa došlo do snižavanja pH vrednosti, ograničavanja aminogeneze i rastvorljivosti azotnih materija. U tretiranim silažama utvrdjena je apsolutna i relativna dominacija sirćetne kiseline u ukupnom sadržaju kiselina. Pri dodavanju konzervansa došlo je do porasta količine slobodne i vezane sirćetne kiseline. Slobodna buterna kiselina nije utvrđena u silažama dok je prisustvo buterne kiseline u vezanom obliku bilo zanemarljivo i bez uticaja na kvalitet silaža. U odnosu na kontrolnu silažu (III klasa kvaliteta po DLG i Zelter-ovoj metodi) značajno povećanje zastupljenosti sirćetne kiseline u tretiranim silažama doprinelo je pogoršanju njihovog kvaliteta, pa su ocenjene kao neupotrebljive (V klasa kvaliteta prema DLG metodi), odnosno, na granici upotrebljivosti (IV klasa kvaliteta po Zelter-ovoj metodi). I pored nekih stranih preporuka, iskustva iz domaćih istraživanja ukazuju da sirćetna kiselina nije efikasan konzervans, i ne preporučuje se za teže silirajuća hraniva, kakva je i lucerka

Faktori koji utiču na konzumiranje suve materije i njeno predviđanje za krave Holštajn rase

Many factors affects dry matter intake (DMI). Individual theories based on physical fill of the reticulorumen, metabolic-feedback factors, or oxygen consumption have been proposed to determine and predict DMI (NRC, 2001). Prediction of DMI is fundamentally important in nutrition because it establishes the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated DMI is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use. Underfeeding of nutrients restricts production and can affect the health of an animal. Overfeeding of nutrients increases feed costs, can results in excessive excretion of nutrients into the environment, and at excessively high amounts may be toxic or cause adverse health effects. Several DMI prediction equations have been developed for use in the field, but only a few have been given in this paper.Mnogi činioci utiču na konzumiranje suve materije (KSM). Za tumačenje i predviđanje KSM predloženo je nekoliko teorija baziranih na fizičkoj popunjenosti lumena retikuluma i rumena, metaboličkoj povratnoj sprezi ili na potrošnji kiseonika. Predviđanje KSM ima fundamentalan značaj, zato što se na osnovu KSM određuje količina hranljivih materija neophodna za održavanje proizvodnje i zdravlja životinja. Poznavanje stvarnog KSM ili precizno predviđanje veoma je važno za sastavljanje obroka radi izbegavanja suviše malog i prekomernog unošenja hranljivih materija. Ishrana malim količinama hranljivih materija u obroku uzrokuje opadanje proizvodnje i negativno utiče na zdravlje životinja. Ishrana količinama hranljivih materija većim od potreba ima kao posledicu povećanje cene obroka, izlučivanje povećanih količina hranljivih materija u spoljašnju sredinu i u krajnjem slučaju, može da prouzrokuje trovanje i zdravstvene probleme. Postoji više modela koji služe za predviđanje KSM, ali u ovome radu je predstavljeno svega nekoliko

Silaža lucerke u ishrani krava

Problems associated with the lucerne silage use in dairy cows feeding. These problems are the increased solubility and degradability of proteins. With processed such as wilting, fermentation stimulation with carbohydrate additives and direct acidification the process of protheolysis is limited. The result is high quality feed which is excellent and cheap protein source in the dairy cow diets, with necessary energy feed supplements.U radu su prikazani problemi koji nastaju pri korišćenju silaže lucerke, a odnose se na povećanu rastvorljivost i razgradivost proteina. Provejavanjem, stimulisanjem fermentacije ugljenohidratnim dodacima i bakterijama mlečne kiseline, ili direktnom acidifikacijom ograničava se intenzitet proteolize. Time se dobija kvalitetno hranivo koje je dobar i jeftin izvor proteina u obrocima za krave

Uticaj ishrane na sastav mlečne masti

The dairy industry has been traditionally paying attention to the total amount of fat in milk, but not to a its composition. However, due to market trends aimed at the 'healthy food' in the western countries, milk and milk products are on the 'black list' because of high composition of saturated fatty acids. The change of the composition of fatty acids in milk is more difficult that the change in pork, chicken fat and eggs for two basic reasons: 1. unsaturated dietary fatty acids are hydrogenated (saturated) by ruminal microorganisms, 2. dietary fats, especially unsaturated oil, have depressing effect on the percent of milk fat. The aim set by this paper was to describe some of milk fat properties and to present examples of how the composition of milk fatty acids can be changed.Već tradicionalno industrija mleka vodi računa o ukupnoj količini masti u mleku, dok se na sastav masti usredsređuje mala ili beznačajna pažnja. Međutim, zbog tržišnog trenda usmerenog na upotrebu 'zdravstveno bezbedne hrane' u zemljama zapadne hemisfere, mleko i mlečni proizvodi su uslovno rečeno, stavljeni na crnu listu zbog visokog sadržaja zasićenih masnih kiselina. Promena masno kiselinskog sastava mleka je teža nego u svinjskom i pilećem mesu i jajima, iz dva osnovna razloga: 1. mikroogranizmi u buragu vrše hidrogenaciju nezasićenih u zasićene masne kiseline 2. masti hrane, a naročito nezasićena ulja, imaju depresivan uticaj na procenat mlečne masti. Cilj ovog rada je da opiše osobine mlečne masti i da prikaže primere kako bi se mogao menjati sastav masnih kiselina u mleku

Predviđanje voljnog konzumiranja hrane u ishrani krava muzara

Prediction of voluntary feed intake (dry matter intake) is fundamentally important in nutrition because it establishes the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated dry matter intake (DMI) is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use. Underfeeding of nutrients restricts production and can affect the health of an animal. Overfeeding of nutrients increases feed costs, can results in excessive excretion of nutrients into the environment, and at excessively high amounts may be toxic or cause adverse health effects. Several DMI prediction equations have been developed for use in the field but only a few have been written in this paper.Poznavanje voljnog konzumiranja hrane (suve materije), odnosno tačno predviđanje je od fundamentalnog značaja za sastavljanje obroka koji će obezbediti efikasnu i jeftinu proizvodnju. Tačno balansiranje koncentracije hranljivih materija u kg suve materije ili, pak, dnevne količine hranljivih materija, koje bi krava trebalo da konzumira, zavise od tačnosti predviđanja voljnog konzumiranja hrane. Na osnovu do sada izvedenih istraživanja, model MAFF (1975) se preporučuje za predviđanje konzumiranja suve materije za krave niže do srednje mlečnosti i treba ga koristiti kada se sastavljaju obroci u skladu sa preporukama Obračević-a (1984 i 1990). Modeli Glamočić (1999) i NRC (2001) se preporučuju za upotrebu kod krava holštajn rase i u tom slučaju obroke treba sastavljati u skladu sa NRC preporukama

Predviđanje voljnog konzumiranja hrane u ishrani krava muzara

Prediction of voluntary feed intake (dry matter intake) is fundamentally important in nutrition because it establishes the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated dry matter intake (DMI) is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use. Underfeeding of nutrients restricts production and can affect the health of an animal. Overfeeding of nutrients increases feed costs, can results in excessive excretion of nutrients into the environment, and at excessively high amounts may be toxic or cause adverse health effects. Several DMI prediction equations have been developed for use in the field but only a few have been written in this paper.Poznavanje voljnog konzumiranja hrane (suve materije), odnosno tačno predviđanje je od fundamentalnog značaja za sastavljanje obroka koji će obezbediti efikasnu i jeftinu proizvodnju. Tačno balansiranje koncentracije hranljivih materija u kg suve materije ili, pak, dnevne količine hranljivih materija, koje bi krava trebalo da konzumira, zavise od tačnosti predviđanja voljnog konzumiranja hrane. Na osnovu do sada izvedenih istraživanja, model MAFF (1975) se preporučuje za predviđanje konzumiranja suve materije za krave niže do srednje mlečnosti i treba ga koristiti kada se sastavljaju obroci u skladu sa preporukama Obračević-a (1984 i 1990). Modeli Glamočić (1999) i NRC (2001) se preporučuju za upotrebu kod krava holštajn rase i u tom slučaju obroke treba sastavljati u skladu sa NRC preporukama

Predviđanje voljnog konzumiranja hrane u ishrani krava muzara

Prediction of voluntary feed intake (dry matter intake) is fundamentally important in nutrition because it establishes the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated dry matter intake (DMI) is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use. Underfeeding of nutrients restricts production and can affect the health of an animal. Overfeeding of nutrients increases feed costs, can results in excessive excretion of nutrients into the environment, and at excessively high amounts may be toxic or cause adverse health effects. Several DMI prediction equations have been developed for use in the field but only a few have been written in this paper.Poznavanje voljnog konzumiranja hrane (suve materije), odnosno tačno predviđanje je od fundamentalnog značaja za sastavljanje obroka koji će obezbediti efikasnu i jeftinu proizvodnju. Tačno balansiranje koncentracije hranljivih materija u kg suve materije ili, pak, dnevne količine hranljivih materija, koje bi krava trebalo da konzumira, zavise od tačnosti predviđanja voljnog konzumiranja hrane. Na osnovu do sada izvedenih istraživanja, model MAFF (1975) se preporučuje za predviđanje konzumiranja suve materije za krave niže do srednje mlečnosti i treba ga koristiti kada se sastavljaju obroci u skladu sa preporukama Obračević-a (1984 i 1990). Modeli Glamočić (1999) i NRC (2001) se preporučuju za upotrebu kod krava holštajn rase i u tom slučaju obroke treba sastavljati u skladu sa NRC preporukama

Efekti upotrebe natrijum-benzoata kao konzervansa pri silaranju lucerke

The influence of sodium benzoate as the chemical conservant in three doses (3, 5, 7 g/kg green mass) on the intensity of fermentation and proteolysis in lucerne silage was investigated. On the basis of chemical analysis it is found that with the increase of conservant dose nitrogen solubility was limited. If silages treated the absolute and relative domination of acetic acid was found in total acid content. The increase of bonded acetic acid was discovered with the increase of conservant dose. Free butyric acid was not detected while bonded butyric acid was present in negligible concentration without effect on silage quality. In spite of some foreign references domestic experiences show that sodium benzoate in used doses is not the effective conservant. The obtained results fortifi the need for further investigations in developing correct doses of sodium benzoate to be used in ensiling of lucerne and other materials.U eksperimentu je ispitivan uticaj natrijum-benzoata, korišćenog u svojstvu hemijskog konzervansa u tri doze (3, 5 i 7 g/kg zelene mase) na intenzitet fermentacije i proteolize u silažama lucerke. Na osnovu rezultata hemijskih analiza utvrđeno je da je upotreba natrijum-bezoata kao konzervansa dovela do smanjenja količine mlečne kiseline u relativnom smislu, do smanjenja rastvorljivosti azotnih materija i povećanja očuvanosti proteina. Prema korišćenim metodama (Flieg-ova i metoda po Dulphy-u i sar., 1981) upotreba konzervansa nije uticala na kvalitet silaža. I pored nekih stranih preporuka, iskustva iz domaćih istraživanja ukazuju da natrijum-benzoat u korišćenim dozama nije efikasan konzervans. Utvrđeni rezultati ukazuju na neophodnost nastavljanja ispitivanja u cilju utvrđivanja optimalne doze natrijum-benzoata pri siliranju lucerke i drugih sirovina

Specifičnosti različitih vrsta silaža koje se koriste u ishrani krava

Quality and nutritive value of silages prepared from various feeds are their basic characteristics. various feeds, produced as forage or as significant byproducts of agricultural and food production could be conserved by the process of ensiling. Problems pertaing to high moisture content, high buffer value, inadequate content of crude protein or low digestibility can be solved with a properly chosen ensiling technique or additives, which were observed in numerous investigations in the country or abroad. Silage made in such a way are of better quality and nutritive value, and can be efficiently used as the main part of the diet for dairy cows.U radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike silaža različitih hraniva vezano za njihov kvalitet i hranljive vrednosti. Postupkom siliranja mogu se konzervisati raznorodna hraniva, koja se gaje kao krmne kulture ili količinski predstavljaju važne sporedne proizvode poljoprivrede i prehrambene industrije. Problemi u vezi visoke vlažnosti, velike puferne vrednosti, nedovoljne zastupljenosti sirovih proteina ili male svarljivosti rešavaju se primenom različitih postupaka i dodataka, koji su rezultat brojnih domaćih i stranih istraživanja. Tako spremljene silaže imaju znatno bolji kvalitet i hranljivu vrednost, pa se efikasno koriste kao osnovni deo obroka za krave u laktaciji

Određivanje novčane vrednosti hraniva

The determinations of nutrient costs and breakeven prices of feedstuffs are important activities in the field of nutritional economics. Nutrient content is the primary determinant of feed value. Various methods can be used to estimate feed values. Method by content of dry matter is appropriate for the comparison of feeds that are similar in composition, but differing in moisture. Method based on barometer feeds can provide reasonable estimates of feed values and can be used with a simple pocket calculator. Linear programming methods are best when applied to individual farm cases. They do require a good ration balancing program, a computer and a skillful nutritionist. Maximum likelihood method uses the prices of all feedstuffs traded in a given market to estimate feedstuff costs. The method was programmed as a Windows application named Sesame. This method give more accurate estimates of feed values but also require a computer. Beware however, that even this high technology and brain power does not account for all factors determining the value of a feed.Određivanje cene hraniva i hranljivih materija je veoma važno sa aspekta ekonomskog razmišljanja u ishrani domaćih životinja. Sadržaj hranljivih materija u najvećoj meri određuje novčanu vrednost hraniva. Postoji vise metoda za određivanje novčane vrednosti hraniva. Metod određivanja na osnovu sadržaja suve materije je pogodan kada su u pitanju dva hraniva sa sličnim hemijskim sastavom, ali koji se razlikuju u sadržaju vlage. Metod određivanja na osnovu cena barometar hraniva (Petersen metod) može da obezbedi prihvatljive rezultate, a za upotrebuj e dovoljno posedovati kalkulator. Metod linearnog programiranja je najbolji kada se primenjuje na individualnim farmama. Zahteva kompjuter, kvalitetan softver za sastavljanje obroka i kvalifikovanog nutricionistu. Metod maksimalne verodostojnosti (Maximum likelihood method), u cilju određivanja novčane vrednosti za neko hranivo uzima u obzir cene svih hraniva na tržištu. Ovaj metod je dostupan za rad kao Windows aplikacija pod nazivom "Sesame". Daje najtačnije rezultate, ali takođe zahteva kompjuter i već pomenuti softver. Uprkos visoko razvijenoj tehnologiji i mogućnostima ljudskog uma, nijedan od prikazanih metoda za određivanje novčane vrednosti hraniva ne uzima u obzir sve faktore koji determinišu cenu istih