4 research outputs found
OΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ- ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π· Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Goldenhar's syndrome (GS) is a complex syndrome characterized by a combination of abnormalities: hemifacial macrosomia, mandibular hypoplasia, ocular dermoids, ear abnormalities, and vertebral disorders. The incidence of GS is about 1 in 5000 to 25,000 live births. The male to female ratio is 3: 2.The etiology of this rare disease is not fully understood. The treatment protocol depends on the age of the patient and systemic clinical presentations. This paper presents a case of a 46-year-old woman with Goldenhar syndrome, which manifested with facial asymmetry, epibulbar dermoid, hearing loss, and scoliosis. Because it is a congenital syndrome, these people's lives are complex from an early age. There is a need for timely recognition of this syndrome and a multidisciplinary approach in treating these patients, with a team of specialist physicians, to enable them as much optimal functioning as possible in the environment. By presenting this case report, we would like to attract the attention of GS, which would be of educational significance for all physicians, primarily ophthalmologists, as well as otolaryngologists and orthopedists.Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ
Π°Ρ (ΠΠ₯C) Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ: Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°,ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Π°Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°.ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ₯Π‘ Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ 1 Π½Π° 5000 Π΄ΠΎ 25 000 ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ» Π΅ 3:2.ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° 46-Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ
Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ,ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ Π²ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈ - ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°.
Π‘ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π· Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ
Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΓ¨ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅
COVID-19 ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
The epidemics of COVID-19 started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 can also affect the eyes. Ophthalmic manifestations of the virus are not so frequent; the prevalence is about 3% up to now. Recognizing the possibility of ophthalmic transmission and manifestation of the virus is of significant importance for ophthalmologists and health workers. According to published studies, the most common ophthalmic manifestation is follicular conjunctivitis with all the symptoms and signs of viral conjunctivitis. It is usually bilateral, and patients present adenoviral-like symptoms, discomfort, foreign body sensation, redness, or they have no subjective symptoms. The symptoms are more pronounced in patients with a more severe clinical picture of the disease. One of the described non-specific manifestations of COVID-19 as an initial manifestation is keratoconjunctivitis. The effects of the virus on the retina and blood vessels have not been fully investigated, yet. It has been proven that COVID-19 can be isolated from tears and from ocular surface by PCR conjunctival swab. The most common mode of transmission is through direct contact and through aerosols. Through the nasolacrimal system, the eyes can be the entrance for respiratory infection and hematogenous spread of the virus can occur through the lacrimal gland. Early recognition of the ophthalmic symptoms by ophthalmologists as well as the other health workers during this pandemic is necessary because sometimes they can be the only manifestation of COVID-19, and on the other hand, it will lead to greater protection and prevention of the virus spreading. Prevention measures should be focused on the application of administrative protocols, personal protection and environmental control.ΠΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° COVID-19 Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ²ΡΠΈ 2019 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΡΡ
Π°Π½, ΠΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° (Π‘ΠΠ) Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. COVID-19 ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ; ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³Π° ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ 3%. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½, Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° COVID-19, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° COVID-19 ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ»Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΡΠΎ PCR.ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π²Π»Π΅Π· Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° COVID-19, Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°
Π‘ΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ- ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
Air pollution has a major impact on health, and it particularly affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the eyes. The ocular effects of chronic, long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution are still unclear. The increase in air pollution levels can be associated with an increase in the instability of the tear film. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and discuss the available data about chronic eye diseases in regions with high air pollution. Furthermore, the review also offers a certain understanding of the link between chronic dry eye disease (DED) and air pollution. Materials and methods: Specific keywords (dry eye, air pollution, and urban) were used to search the medical databases of PubMed and Medline. This research technique led to obtaining 103 papers, dating from 1995 to 2021. Out of those, 15 were used as the basis of this paper. Results: The pathophysiological mechanisms of oxidative stress and ocular surface inflammation involve the selective binding of environmental agents to ocular surface membrane receptors, leading to the activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways with changes in the extracellular stromal matrix and consequent occurrence of inflammation of the ocular surface with epithelial defects. Conclusions: Dry eye disease, pollution, and eye allergy overlap, but their presentations can be different. Future advancements in monitoring technology and the development of modern, non-invasive diagnostic methods will help prove the link between air pollutants and Β DED. The points should be aimed at preventing the global risks of antigenic stimulation of "urban eye".ΠΠ°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Π·Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ (ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π½ΠΎ) Π±Π΅Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° PubMed ΠΈ Medline. ΠΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ 103 ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ 1995 Π΄ΠΎ 2021 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΠ², 15 Π±Π΅Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ: ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ: Π‘ΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° βΡΡΠ±Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎβ
OCULAR ASPECTS OF USHER SYNDROM
Introduction: Usher Syndrome is a rare syndrom, which typical expressions are hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and in some cases impairment of balance and congenital cataract. It is inherited autosomal recessive. Nine genes whose mutation are associated with this condition have been isolated. It is diagnosed on the basis of clinical and genetic testing. The therapy is aimed at facilitating the functioning of these patients in the environment. Gene therapy is promising in treatment.
The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on the specificity and multiplicity of the disease, which would be of educational significance to ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists, through the use of the case report of Usher syndrome.
Case report: We present the case of gene confirmed Usher syndrome with 85% hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and congenital cataract. Female at the age of 39, pregnant at 26 gestational week, second pregnancy. Genetic investigation by Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU) confirmed double heterozygosity for pathogenic changes c.13010C>T. p.(Thr4337Met) and c.13137delC; p. (Thr4380GinfsTer11) in the USH2A gene, a genotype that confirmed the diagnosis of autosomal recessive disease Usher syndrome type 2A (Usher syndrome 2A).
Conclusion: Detailed anamnesis is always required in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, who are referred to an ophthalmologist for hearing and vice versa for patients with hearing loss that are examined by an otorhinolaryngologist. Early diagnosis is important in terms of quality of life, i.e. timely diagnosing and undertaking measures for genetic testing in the family, in order to inform them about the type of the disease and the earlier involvement in educational programs designed for these conditions