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    OΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ манифСстации кај Π“ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ…Π°Ρ€ синдром- ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π· Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜

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    Goldenhar's syndrome (GS) is a complex syndrome characterized by a combination of abnormalities: hemifacial macrosomia, mandibular hypoplasia, ocular dermoids, ear abnormalities, and vertebral disorders. The incidence of GS is about 1 in 5000 to 25,000 live births. The male to female ratio is 3: 2.The etiology of this rare disease is not fully understood. The treatment protocol depends on the age of the patient and systemic clinical presentations. This paper presents a case of a 46-year-old woman with Goldenhar syndrome, which manifested with facial asymmetry, epibulbar dermoid, hearing loss, and scoliosis. Because it is a congenital syndrome, these people's lives are complex from an early age. There is a need for timely recognition of this syndrome and a multidisciplinary approach in treating these patients, with a team of specialist physicians, to enable them as much optimal functioning as possible in the environment. By presenting this case report, we would like to attract the attention of GS, which would be of educational significance for all physicians, primarily ophthalmologists, as well as otolaryngologists and orthopedists.Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π“ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ…Π°Ρ€ (Π“Π₯C) Π΅ комплСксСн синдром кој сС ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π° со ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ: Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ„Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π°,ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, абнормалности Π½Π° ΡƒΡˆΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Π±Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°.Π˜Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π“Π₯Π‘ Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρƒ 1 Π½Π° 5000 Π΄ΠΎ 25 000 ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ. ЗастапСноста Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π²ΠΎ однос Π½Π°  ТСнскиот ΠΏΠΎΠ»  Π΅ 3:2.Π•Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΅ цСлосно Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ˜Π°ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ‚Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ зависи ΠΎΠ΄ возраста Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ систСмскитС ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ.Π’ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° 46-годишна возраст со Π“ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ…Π°Ρ€ синдром,кај која Ρ‚ΠΎΡ˜ сС манифСстирал со Ρ„Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π° Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π±Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° слухот ΠΈ сколиоза. Π‘ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡœΠΈ сС Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π΅Π½ синдром, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡƒΡ“Π΅ Π΅ комплСксСн ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ€Π°Π½Π° возраст. ΠŸΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π°Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° овој синдром ΠΈ мултидисциплинарСн пристап Π²ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ, со Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΈ - ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈ, Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ сС ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ срСдината. Π‘ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π· Π½Π° овој ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜, сакамС Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ насочимС Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π“ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ…Π°Ρ€ синдромот, ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° ситС Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ сè Π·Π° ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅

    COVID-19 ΠΈ ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ манифСстации: ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°

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    The epidemics of COVID-19 started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 can also affect the eyes.  Ophthalmic manifestations of the virus are not so frequent; the prevalence is about 3% up to now. Recognizing the possibility of ophthalmic transmission and manifestation of the virus is of significant importance for ophthalmologists and health workers. According to published studies, the most common ophthalmic manifestation is follicular conjunctivitis with all the symptoms and signs of viral conjunctivitis.  It is usually bilateral, and patients present adenoviral-like symptoms, discomfort, foreign body sensation, redness, or they have no subjective symptoms. The symptoms are more pronounced in patients with a more severe clinical picture of the disease. One of the described non-specific manifestations of COVID-19 as an initial manifestation is keratoconjunctivitis. The effects of the virus on the retina and blood vessels have not been fully investigated, yet. It has been proven that COVID-19 can be isolated from tears and from ocular surface by PCR conjunctival swab. The most common mode of transmission is through direct contact and through aerosols. Through the nasolacrimal system, the eyes can be the entrance for respiratory infection and hematogenous spread of the virus can occur through the lacrimal gland. Early recognition of the ophthalmic symptoms by ophthalmologists as well as the other health workers during this pandemic is necessary because sometimes they can be the only manifestation of COVID-19, and on the other hand, it will lead to greater protection and prevention of the virus spreading. Prevention measures should be focused on the application of administrative protocols, personal protection and environmental control.Π•ΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° COVID-19 Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ²Ρ€ΠΈ 2019 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π’ΡƒΡ…Π°Π½, Кина, Π° пандСмија бСшС ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ прогласСна ΠΎΠ΄ БвСтската здравствСна ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° (Π‘Π—Πž) Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. COVID-19 ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ Π°Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. ΠžΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ манифСстации Π½Π° вирусот Π½Π΅ сС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ Ρ„Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΈ; ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° досСга изнСсува ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρƒ 3%. ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° моТноста Π·Π° ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° вирусот Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ сигнификантно Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ здравствСнитС Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ. ΠΠ°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π° ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, спорСд ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ студии, Π΅ Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ˜ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ, со ситС симптоми ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈ Π½Π° вирусСн ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ˜ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ. ΠžΠ±ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π½, Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ симптоми слични Π½Π° адСновирусСн ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ˜ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ, со дискомфорт, чувство Π½Π° Ρ‚ΡƒΡ“ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΎ, Ρ†Ρ€Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ ΡΡƒΠ±Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ симптоми. Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сС ΠΏΠΎΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Π½ΠΈ кај ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ со ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΡˆΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° слика Π½Π° болСста. Π•Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡˆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ нСспСцифични манифСстации Π½Π° COVID-19, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ˜ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ. Π’Π»ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° вирусот Π²Ρ€Π· Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ садови Π½Π΅ сС сè ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π΅ истраТСни цСлосно. Π”ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° COVID-19 ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΎΠ΄ солзитС ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ брис ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ˜ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π° со PCR.ΠΠ°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ˜Π° Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ аСросоли. ΠžΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ Π½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ систСм, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ Π²Π»Π΅Π· Π·Π° рСспираторна ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ Π»Π°ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° настанС ΠΈ Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° вирусот. НСопходно Π΅ Π½Π°Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ симптоми Π²ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° пандСмија, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ страна Π½Π° ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ здравствСни Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ, Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ понСкогаш Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° прСтставуваат СдинствСна ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° COVID-19, Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π° страна, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ќС Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° вирусот.  ΠœΠ΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° сС насочСни ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ административни ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, пСрсонална Π·Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎ срСдината

    Π‘ΡƒΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€Π±Π°Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€- ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°

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    Air pollution has a major impact on health, and it particularly affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the eyes. The ocular effects of chronic, long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution are still unclear. The increase in air pollution levels can be associated with an increase in the instability of the tear film. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and discuss the available data about chronic eye diseases in regions with high air pollution. Furthermore, the review also offers a certain understanding of the link between chronic dry eye disease (DED) and air pollution. Materials and methods: Specific keywords (dry eye, air pollution, and urban) were used to search the medical databases of PubMed and Medline. This research technique led to obtaining 103 papers, dating from 1995 to 2021. Out of those, 15 were used as the basis of this paper. Results: The pathophysiological mechanisms of oxidative stress and ocular surface inflammation involve the selective binding of environmental agents to ocular surface membrane receptors, leading to the activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways with changes in the extracellular stromal matrix and consequent occurrence of inflammation of the ocular surface with epithelial defects. Conclusions: Dry eye disease, pollution, and eye allergy overlap, but their presentations can be different. Future advancements in monitoring technology and the development of modern, non-invasive diagnostic methods will help prove the link between air pollutants and Β DED. The points should be aimed at preventing the global risks of antigenic stimulation of "urban eye".Π—Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎ влијаниС Π²Ρ€Π· Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²Ρ˜Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ, Π° особСно влијаС Π½Π° ΠΌΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° рСспираторниот Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. ΠžΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ˜Π½Π° излоТСност Π½Π° високи Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚ сè ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π΅ сС нСјасни. Π—Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° загадСност Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ со Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° нСстабилноста Π½Π° солзниот Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΌ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° овој Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° сС Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈ дискутираат достапнитС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈ болСсти Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ со високо Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚. ΠŸΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΡƒ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ‚ Π½ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° врската ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ“Ρƒ Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° болСст Π½Π° суво ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: Π‘ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ (суво ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€Π±Π°Π½ΠΎ) Π±Π΅Π° користСни Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π±Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° мСдицинскитС Π±Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈ Π½Π° PubMed ΠΈ Medline. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ˜Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ 103 Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ΄ 1995 Π΄ΠΎ 2021 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. Од Π½ΠΈΠ², 15 Π±Π΅Π° користСни ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ основа Π½Π° овој Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ: ΠŸΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° оксидативниот стрСс ΠΈ воспалСниСто Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ сСлСктивно Π²Ρ€Π·ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° агСнситС ΠΎΠ΄ срСдината Π·Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π»Π°ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сигнални ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π° со ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ СкстрацСлуларната стромална ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΈ послСдоватСлна појава Π½Π° воспалСниС Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π°. со Π΄Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΎΡ‚. Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΎΠΊ: Π‘ΡƒΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π»Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚, Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ. Π˜Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π²ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° слСдСњС ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° соврСмСни, Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ќС ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π½Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π° сС Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ врската ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ“Ρƒ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ сувото ΠΎΠΊΠΎ. ΠœΠ΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ насочСни ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ антигСнска ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° β€žΡƒΡ€Π±Π°Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎβ€œ

    OCULAR ASPECTS OF USHER SYNDROM

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    Introduction: Usher Syndrome is a rare syndrom, which typical expressions are hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and in some cases impairment of balance and congenital cataract. It is inherited autosomal recessive. Nine genes whose mutation are associated with this condition have been isolated. It is diagnosed on the basis of clinical and genetic testing. The therapy is aimed at facilitating the functioning of these patients in the environment. Gene therapy is promising in treatment. The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on the specificity and multiplicity of the disease, which would be of educational significance to ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists, through the use of the case report of Usher syndrome. Case report: We present the case of gene confirmed Usher syndrome with 85% hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and congenital cataract. Female at the age of 39, pregnant at 26 gestational week, second pregnancy. Genetic investigation by Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU) confirmed double heterozygosity for pathogenic changes c.13010C>T. p.(Thr4337Met) and c.13137delC; p. (Thr4380GinfsTer11) in the USH2A gene, a genotype that confirmed the diagnosis of autosomal recessive disease Usher syndrome type 2A (Usher syndrome 2A). Conclusion: Detailed anamnesis is always required in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, who are referred to an ophthalmologist for hearing and vice versa for patients with hearing loss that are examined by an otorhinolaryngologist. Early diagnosis is important in terms of quality of life, i.e. timely diagnosing and undertaking measures for genetic testing in the family, in order to inform them about the type of the disease and the earlier involvement in educational programs designed for these conditions
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