New dihydrogenhypodiphosphates of alkaline-earth metals: preparation, crystal structure, vibrational spectrum and thermal behavior of AE[H2P2O6] · n H2O (AE = Ca, Sr and n = 1.5, 2)

Two new alkaline-earth metal dihydrogenhypodiphosphates, AE[H2P2O6] ⋅ n H2O (AE=Ca, Sr and n=1.5, 2) have been prepared and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Calciumdihydrogenhypodiphosphate sesquihydrate, Ca[H2P2O6] ⋅ 1.5 H2O (1) (lattice parameters: a=6.619(1) Å, b=10.201(1) Å, c=20.922(2) Å, β=107.95(1)°, VEZ=1343.9(2) Å3, Z=4), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c and strontiumdihydrogenhypodiphosphate dihydrate, Sr[H2P2O6] ⋅ 2 H2O (2) (lattice parameters: a=7.548(1) Å, b=11.906(1) Å, c=7.880(1) Å, VEZ=708.2(2) Å3, Z=4), in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn. The crystal structure of compound 1 consists of chains of edge- and face-sharing of [CaO6] and [CaO8] polyhedra linked by dihydrogenhypodiphosphate(IV) anions to form a three-dimensional network. The structure of 2 consists of alternating layers of chains of edge-sharing [SrO8] polyhedra and respective anionic units. The different water-content compositions result from the corresponding alkaline-earth metal coordination polyedra and by the preferred number of water molecules in their coordination sphere, respectively. The IR/Raman spectra of the title compounds have been recorded and interpreted, especially with respect to the [H2P2O6]2− group. The phase purity of 2 was verified by powder diffraction measurements

Multiple correspondence analysis method for evaluating the standard of living. Case study Albania

The main purpose of this study is to see the implementation of the multiply statistical method MCA (Multiple Correspondence Analysis) in large databases. Objectives of this study are to find the connections between qualitative variables categorized, concretely in our paper the connections between socioeconomic indicators and the standard of living. Otherwise this is called the concept of the multidimensional poverty. Different variables are being extracted like indicators that have a connection with the measuring of the multidimensional poverty. The data were obtained from the survey of measuring the life standard (LSMS) in 2012, which includes in the study about 6671 household, that are representative for the entire country. MCA results reflect several dimensions, where the first dimension, which is the more important, is called the welfare dimension. We represent the different discrimination measure of this dimension in connection with all the variables, where it is noted that from all the variables the biggest discrimination measure has the educational attainment of the household head. So the latter is the variable that has the greatest importance in relation to the welfare dimension. The results of this study help in the orientation of social policy to increase the standard of living, where the main role in this has the educational level

Strontium disodium hexa­thio­diphosphate(IV) octa­hydrate

The crystal structure of SrNa2(P2S6)·8H2O is isotypic with that of its calcium analogue. The asymmetric unit consists of one Sr2+ cation (2 symmetry), two Na+ cations (2 and symmetry, respectively), one-half of a centrosymmetric (P2S6)4− anion with a staggered confirmation and four water mol­ecules. The crystal structure is built up from layers of cations and anions extending parallel to (101). Each SrO8 polyhedron is connected via edge-sharing to two NaO4S2 octa­hedra and to one NaO2S4 octa­hedron. The NaO4S2 octa­edra are, in turn, connected with two (P2S6)4− anions through common corners. Adjacent layers are held together by several O—H⋯S hydrogen-bonding inter­actions

1,3-thiazolium-4-aminides: syntheses and characterization of fluorescent mesoionic compounds

A series of mesoionic 1,3-thiazolium-4-aminides was synthesized starting from thioamides and chloroacetonitrile via cyanomethylbenzimidothioates which were cyclized by benzoylchloride. Depending on the reaction conditions 4-amino-1,3-thiazolium salts and 4-N-benzamido-1,3-thiazolium salts were obtained (X-ray structure analysis). Substitution of the amino groups with benzoyl chloride gave a series of the title mesoionic compounds (X-ray structure analysis) which were examined spectroscopically. Negative solvatochromism was found and temperature-dependent as well as time-resolved fluorescence measurements were made. Long lifetimes of the excited states (30–50 ns) were detected. Calculated frontier orbital profiles gain insight into the characteristics of 1,3-thiazolium-4-aminides as conjugated mesomeric betaines

Surface tuning of wood via covalent modification of its lignocellulosic biopolymers with substituted benzoates: a study on reactivity, efficiency, and durability

Chemical modification of wood applying benzo- triazolyl-activated carboxylic acids has proven to be a versatile method for the durable functionalization of its lignocellulosic biopolymers. Through this process, the material properties of wood can be influenced and specifically optimized. To check the scope and limitations of this modification method, various benzamide derivatives with electron-withdrawing (EWG) or electron-donating (EDG) functional groups in different positions of the aromatic ring were synthesized and applied for covalent modification of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood in this study. The bonded amounts of substances (up to 2.20 mmol) were compared with the reactivity constants of the Hammett equation, revealing a significant correlation between the modification efficiency and the theoretical reactivity constants of the corresponding aromatic substitution pattern. The successful covalent attachment of the respective substituted benzamides was proven by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, while the stability of the newly formed ester bond was proven in a standardized leaching test

New hypodiphosphates of the alkali metals: Synthesis, crystal structure and\ud vibrational spectra of the hypodiphosphates(IV) M2[(H2P2O6)(H4P2O6)]\ud (M¼Rb and Cs)

The new hypodiphosphates(IV) Rb2[(H2P2O6)(H4P2O6)] (1) and Cs2[(H2P2O6)(H4P2O6)] (2) were synthesized by soft chemistry reactions from aqueous solutions of hypophosphoric acid and the corresponding heavy alkali-metal carbonates. Their crystal structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds crystallize isotypic in the triclinic space group P-1 with one formula unit in the unit cell. The structures are built up by discrete (H2P2O6)2− and (H4P2O6) units in staggered conformation for the P2O6 skeleton and the corresponding alkali-metal cations. In the (H2P2O6)2− ion the hydrogen atoms are in a “trans–trans” conformation. O·H–O hydrogen bonds between the (H2P2O6)2− and (H4P2O6) groups consolidate the structures into a three-dimensional network. The FT-Raman and 31P and 1H and MAS NMR spectra of the title compounds have been recorded and interpreted, especially with respect to their assignment to the (H2P2O6)2− and (H4P2O6) groups. Thermogravimetric data of 2 have been interpreted in terms of a thermal decomposition model.Fonds der Chemischen IndustrieNRW Forschungsschule ‘‘Molecules and Materials’