Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4H Is under Transcriptional Control of p65/NF-κB

<div><p>Protein synthesis is mainly regulated at the initiation step, allowing the fast, reversible and spatial control of gene expression. Initiation of protein synthesis requires at least 13 translation initiation factors to assemble the 80S ribosomal initiation complex. Loss of translation control may result in cell malignant transformation. Here, we asked whether translational initiation factors could be regulated by NF-κB transcription factor, a major regulator of genes involved in cell proliferation, survival, and inflammatory response. We show that the p65 subunit of NF-κB activates the transcription of eIF4H gene, which is the regulatory subunit of eIF4A, the most relevant RNA helicase in translation initiation. The p65-dependent transcriptional activation of eIF4H increased the eIF4H protein content augmenting the rate of global protein synthesis. In this context, our results provide novel insights into protein synthesis regulation in response to NF-κB activation signalling, suggesting a transcription-translation coupled mechanism of control.</p></div

TNF-α induces the recruitment of p65 to eIF4H promoter.

<p>(A) HeLa cells (5×10⁶) were transfected with siRNA control or siRNA p65 (200 pmol). Forty-eight hours post-transfection, cells were 45 min-treated with TNF-α (20 ng/mL), or left untreated. Total RNA was extracted and analysed by qRT-PCR to measure the expression of eIF4H and eIF2S3. Values (mean ± SD, n = 3) are shown. Statistically significant differences between the samples are shown according to Student's <i>t</i>-test (p≤0.01). (B) HeLa cells (3×10⁷) were treated with TNF-α (20 ng/mL) for the indicated time, or left untreated. Chromatin was immunoprecipitated with anti-p65, anti-p50, anti-RelB, anti-c-Rel or IgG, and ChIP eluates were analysed by qRT-PCR.</p

p65-dependent transcriptional activation of eIF4H.

<p>(A) HeLa cells (5×10⁶) were transfected with pRc/CMV-p65 or pRc/CMV-empty vector (5 µg). Forty-eight hours post-transfection, total RNA was extracted and analysed by qRT-PCR to evaluate the expression of the indicated eIF genes. Values (mean ± SD, n = 5) are shown. The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between pRc/CMV-p65 and empty vector according to the Student's <i>t</i>-test (<i>p</i>≤0.01). (B) HeLa cells (5×10⁶) were transfected with siRNA control or siRNA p65 (200 pmol). Forty-eight hours post-transfection, total RNA was extracted and analysed by qRT-PCR for the expression of the indicated eIF genes. Values (mean ± SD, n = 5) are shown. The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between siRNA p65 and siRNA control according to the Student's <i>t</i>-test (<i>p</i> ≤0.01). (C) Wild type and p65^−/− MEFs (3×10⁵) were lysed, and total RNA was analysed by qRT-PCR for the expression of eIF4H gene. (D) Total cell extracts (20µg) of wild type and p65^−/− MEFs (3×10⁵) were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and analysed by western blotting using anti-eIF4H, or anti-γ-Tubulin antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the wild type taken as 1. (E) Nuclear extracts of wild type and p65^−/− MEFs (5×10⁶ cells) were analysed for the binding activity of the indicated NF-κB subunits to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide, as measured by ELISA EMSA using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (F) Total RNA from tumour cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, SH-SY5Y, U251, D54, MC3, DeFew) (3×10⁵ cells) was analysed by qRT-PCR for the expression of eIF4H gene. (G) Whole protein cell extracts (20µg) of the indicated tumour cell lines were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using anti-eIF4H, or anti-γ-Tubulin antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the MDA-MB-231 cells taken as 1. (H) Nuclear extracts of the indicated tumor cell lines (5×10⁶ cells) were analysed for the p65 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide, using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman).</p

Bioinformatics-based prediction of NF-κB sites in eIFH promoters.

<p>Jaspar- and TFSEARCH-based computational analysis predicted putative NF-κB enhancers in the promoter regions of core eukaryotic translation initiation factors.</p

p65-dependent modulation of EIF4H protein expression.

<p>(A) HeLa cells (5×10⁶) were transfected with pRc/CMV-3HA-p65, pRc/CMV-3HA-IκB-α, or pRc/CMV empty vector (5µg), and 48h later whole cell extracts were recovered. Protein extracts (20µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using anti-HA, anti-eIF4H, or anti-γ-Tubulin antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the empty vector, taken as 1. (B) HeLa cells (5×10⁶) were transfected with siRNA control, or siRNA p65 (200 pmol), and forty-eight hours post-transfection whole cell extracts were performed. Protein samples (20µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE, and analysed by western blotting using anti-eIF4H, anti-p65, or anti-γ-Tubulin antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above siRNA control, taken as 1. (C) HeLa cells (5×10⁶) were 45 min-stimulated with TNF-α (20 ng/mL), or left untreated, washed twice with DMEM, and lysed to perform total extracts and nuclear extracts. Upper panel, total cell extracts (20µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using anti-eIF4H or anti-γ-Tubulin antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above un-stimulated cells, taken as 1. Lower panel, nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide by ELISA EMSA.</p

p65 increases the protein synthesis rate in eIF4H-dependent manner

<p>. (A) HeLa cells (3×10⁶) were transfected with pRc/CMV empty vector (5µg), or pRc/CMV-3HA-p65, in presence of siRNA control or siRNA p65 (200 pmol). Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were incubated in methionine/cysteine-free medium for 30 min before addition of labelling medium containing [³⁵S]-methionine/cysteine (10 µCi/ml). One hour after protein labelling, the protein synthesis rate was evaluated. Values (mean ± SD, n = 3) are shown. Statistically significant differences between the samples are indicated according to Student's <i>t</i>-test (p≤0.01). (B) Protein extracts (20µg) of transfected HeLa cells shown in (A) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE, and analysed by western blotting using anti-eIF4H, anti-HA, or anti-γ-Tubulin antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (Rc/CMV plus siRNA control), taken as 1.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Monitoring multiple myeloma by idiotype-specific peptide binders of tumor-derived exosomes

Percentage of p5-FITC positive TDEs population after tumor cells injection. Figure S1. Flow cytometry analysis of purified exosomes derived from different cell sources (DOC 570 kb

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Peptide Agonists of PTPRJ, a Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Endowed with Tumor Suppressor Activity

PTPRJ is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase whose expression is strongly reduced in the majority of investigated cancer cell lines and tumor specimens. PTPRJ negatively interferes with mitogenic signals originating from several oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, including HGFR, PDGFR, RET, and VEGFR-2. Here we report the isolation and characterization of peptides from a random peptide phage display library that bind and activate PTPRJ. These agonist peptides, which are able to both circularize and form dimers in acqueous solution, were assayed for their biochemical and biological activity on both human cancer cells and primary endothelial cells (HeLa and HUVEC, respectively). Our results demonstrate that binding of PTPRJ-interacting peptides to cell cultures dramatically reduces the extent of both MAPK phosphorylation and total phosphotyrosine levels; conversely, they induce a significant increase of the cell cycle inhibitor p27^Kip1. Moreover, PTPRJ agonist peptides both reduce proliferation and trigger apoptosis of treated cells. Our data indicate that peptide agonists of PTPRJ positively modulate the PTPRJ activity and may lead to novel targeted anticancer therapies