Italy’s non-negligible cohabitational unions

Recent trends in official statistics show strong increases in non-marital cohabitation in younger Italian generations. Moreover, other sources suggest that consensual unions have lasted longer in recent years before they were converted into marriages. In the present paper we consider entry into marriage and entry into cohabitation as competing risks and study whether the (standardized) entry risk for cohabitation has overtaken that for marriage in Italy, much as in countries in Central and Eastern Europe that we have studied in earlier papers. We find that it has not, and conclude that the move toward the Second Demographic Transition has not taken off in Italy. We also find that the rise in the risk of entry into cohabitation is confined to Northern and Central Italy, while the risk of marriage formation has dropped both there and in Southern Italy. Perhaps Italy is a special case in the European context as far as union formation is concerned.Italy

Torsional rigidity of cantilever wings with constant spar and rib sections

The present paper treats less of the effect of the union (of spars and ribs, namely, the reduction of the bending moment at the fixed ends of the spars) than of its influence on the torsional rigidity of the wing. The calculations are carried out for a two-spar wing of constant cross section, in which the ribs are replaced by a continuous member of constant rigidity

The impact of origin region and internal migration on Italian fertility

We examine the impact of population distribution on fertility in a nationally representative sample. We exploit detailed life-history data to conduct an event-history analysis of transition to first birth, examining mechanisms that might link migration and fertility: socialization, adaptation, selection, and disruption. Our multivariate analysis examines various socio-demographic traits, the place of birth, and interregional migration. Differences by region and migration stream are partly explained by compositional factors, such as female employment, union type, and education. The analysis presents much evidence for demographic selection and socialization and less for adaptation or disruption. The persistence of the region of origin differentials points to the continuing importance of the context.adaptations, event history analysis, fertility, international migration, selection

Fertility of immigrant women in Italy: outcomes from unconventional data

This paper contributes to the debate on the immigrant population’s reproductive behaviors using an unconventional survey not designed for demographic analysis. Applying the own-child method of young co-residing children, who are unlikely to have left home, we describe the patterns of the numbers of births realized after migration to women aged 15-40 years old and we look at the main determinants of fertility fitting a Poisson model. According to the literature, among immigrant women the migratory patterns , the gender roles and the country/area of origin represent important determinants of migrants’ fertility after migration, while the individual characteristics and destination contexts seem less important

Transnational and Homogamous Couples in Italy: Gender Heterogeneities and Mate Selection Patterns

The transnational couples growth notably in Italy during the recent past. The paper aims at analysing the patterns of mate selection of such unions in comparison with homogamous ones. Using the 2012 Births and Mothers Sample Survey data, we analyse the elements of gender heterogeneity between the partners in order to verify if and to what extent the exchange theory fit to the Italian context. We consider in particular age and occupational differences. According to the exchange theory, a type of “bargaining” occurs in couple formation between foreign and Italian partners; however different aspects emerge in the Italian context with respect to those of the “classical” hypotheses

Migrazioni e criminalità in Italia e in Campania: evidenze, criticità e necessità informative

Nel capitolo, dopo aver fornito una stima dell'evoluzione della presenza straniera residente e totale (regolare e irregolare) in Italia e in Campania, si presentano, evidenziandone potenzialità, limiti e lacune informative, i dati ad oggi disponibili su autori e vittime di delitto secondo le informazioni raccolte dal Sistema di Investigazione (SdI) del Servizio per il Sistema Informativo Interforze (SSII): banca dati informatizzata che a partire dal 2004 raccoglie informazioni e comunicazioni di cui le Forze di polizia sono venute a conoscenza e che è stata costituita per finalità operative. Successivamente si analizzano le informazioni relative ai condannati con sentenza definitiva e ai detenuti presenti negli istituti penitenziari utilizzando i dati provenienti dal Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria del Ministero della Giustizia che rileva la condanna per il principale delitto al momento dell’iscrizione nel registro del Casellario Giudiziale Centrale

No NAT'd User left Behind: Fingerprinting Users behind NAT from NetFlow Records alone

It is generally recognized that the traffic generated by an individual connected to a network acts as his biometric signature. Several tools exploit this fact to fingerprint and monitor users. Often, though, these tools assume to access the entire traffic, including IP addresses and payloads. This is not feasible on the grounds that both performance and privacy would be negatively affected. In reality, most ISPs convert user traffic into NetFlow records for a concise representation that does not include, for instance, any payloads. More importantly, large and distributed networks are usually NAT'd, thus a few IP addresses may be associated to thousands of users. We devised a new fingerprinting framework that overcomes these hurdles. Our system is able to analyze a huge amount of network traffic represented as NetFlows, with the intent to track people. It does so by accurately inferring when users are connected to the network and which IP addresses they are using, even though thousands of users are hidden behind NAT. Our prototype implementation was deployed and tested within an existing large metropolitan WiFi network serving about 200,000 users, with an average load of more than 1,000 users simultaneously connected behind 2 NAT'd IP addresses only. Our solution turned out to be very effective, with an accuracy greater than 90%. We also devised new tools and refined existing ones that may be applied to other contexts related to NetFlow analysis

Italy’s Non-Negligible Cohabitational Unions: La cohabitation hors mariage en Italie: un phénomène non négligeable

Italy has long been regarded as the country with negligible non-marital cohabitation par excellence, but lately the pattern has begun to change and entry into consensual unions has increased strongly in younger Italian generations. This article is devoted to a study of such features between 1980 and 2003 based on the data from the Italian variant of the Gender and Generations Survey, Round 1. We consider entry into marriage and entry into cohabitation as competing risks and show how the incidence of cohabitation consistently much lower but has increased by some 70% over the 20-odd years of our study, while the marriage rate has dropped by almost as much. We find great variation across major regions of the country. The rise in cohabitation is confined to Northern and Central Italy, while the risk of marriage formation has declined strongly all over the country. Unlike previous investigations, our data suggest that non-marital cohabitation may be taking over whatever minor role civil marriage has had in Italian union formation

Immigrants’ settlement patterns in the city of Naples

ABSTRACT. Residential segregation is the outcome of both economic inhomogeneities within the urban space and attraction among individuals sharing the same ethnicity. Here we focus on the settlement patterns originated by different groups of immigrants in the city of Naples. We use the inhomogeneous L-function for measuring segregation due to spatial attraction, while adjusting for the effects of inhomogeneity. Monte Carlo simulations have been used to build confidence envelopes for the null hypothesis of absence of spatial attraction. All nationalities exhibited significant spatial attraction at all considered distances, except for Romania and Poland. However, spatial attraction resulted much stronger for immigrants from Pakistan, China, and Sri Lanka. RIASSUNTO. La segregazione residenziale è la risultante di disomogeneità economiche all’interno dello spazio urbano e dell’attrazione tra individui della stessa etnia. In questo lavoro, noi considerazione i modelli insediativi originati da diversi gruppi di immigrati stranieri nella città di Napoli ed impieghiamo la funzione L disomogenea per misurare la segregazione causata dall’attrazione spaziale, tenendo sotto controllo le disomogeneità spaziali. Tramite simulazioni Monte Carlo abbiamo costruito degli intervalli di confidenza per l’ipotesi nulla di assenza di attrazione. Tutte le nazionalità analizzate hanno mostrato un’attrazione spaziale significativa a tutte le distanze considerate, ad eccezione di Rumeni e Polacchi. Un’attrazione più forte è stata osservata per gli immigrati provenienti dal Pakistan, Cina e Sri Lanka

Living arrangements in Sub-Saharan Africa between ethnicity and modernization

In Sub-Saharan Africa the phenomenology of living arrangements is of great interest owing to the extraordinary diversification and complexity of the traditional family patterns. In particular, the predominance of the enlarged family over the biological family is a feature that traditionally distinguishes the conception and the organization of the Sub-Saharan African family. It is a debatable question whether this feature is everlasting or it evolves with the deep economic and social changes occurring in Sub-Saharan African countries. We aim to analyse the living arrangements in several Sub-Saharan countries and in their main ethnic groups, attempting to enlighten the interaction between “modernization” and cultural heritage in shaping family patterns. A temporal perspective has been adopted, as well as the ethnic and rural/urban differentials. The analyses consider ten countries in different geographical areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, where at least two waves of Demographic and Health Surveys were carried out between 1990 and 2013. To detail the analyses, we also consider the most representative ethnic groups for each country (in all 38 ethnic groups). After recalling the theoretical background and present preliminary descriptive findings, the classical procedure of factor analysis is used with the principal components method, followed by an hierarchical classification analysis. Our results show that it is not possible to propose general models for the great traditional geographical areas in Africa. The trends and the rural-urban differentials are not exhaustively explained by modernization factors. The results are in line with the literature outcomes that supported the process of growing variability of living arrangements and the increase of new family models, rather than the existence of a convergence process on a single nuclear family pattern. Ethnic background is confirmed as a valid interpretative key, necessary to understand the cultural substrate in which the evolutive factors brought by globalization act