Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Persistence of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in contaminated cattle wastes

Schematic planimetry of the composting plan and sampling points. (DOCX 78 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of Persistence of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in contaminated cattle wastes

Value recorded for pH and moisture content (%) in the seven analyzed samples. alues are means of three determinations (¹ sd) calculated with 95 % confidence. (DOCX 15 kb

Gas liquid chromatography profile of monosaccharides obtained by acid hydrolysis of the capsular polysaccharide from <i>S. aureus</i> A172.

<p>Abundance expresses the relative ratio between monosaccharides.</p

Differences between the phage M^Sa-sensitive strain A170 and the phage M^Sa-resistant strain A172.

<p>The strain A172 grows in larger clumps (A) compared to the strain A170 (B). Bacteria were grown in liquid culture and collected for microscopic examination at the early stationary phase. (C) The A172 strains displays also a slower growth rate, compared to A170.</p

Active protection of A172 in mice challenged with <i>S. aureus</i> strain A170.

a<p>Colony forming units per g of kidneys (experiments 1–4) or lungs (experiment 5); values calculated on 3 mice.</p>b<p>Two tailed Fisher's exact test.</p>c<p>A172 Live.</p>d<p>Intramuscular.</p>e<p>P<0.001.</p>f<p>Heat killed A172.</p

Anti-inflammatory activity of the A172 vaccine.

<p>A172 modulates transcription of the genes coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ and IL-1β) and induces transcription of the genes coding for anti-inflammatory cytokines (Il-4 and Il-6).</p

Phage M^SA is inhibited by N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc), the teichoic acid from A170 (A170^TA) or by treatment with N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (GlcNA-ase) from <i>Canavalia ensiformis</i>; phage M^SA is not inhibited by the teichoic acid from A172 (A172^TA) or glucose.

<p>(A) GlcNAc inhibits the lysis of the A170 strain by the phage M^Sa, while glucose (B) does not. (C) A170^TA inhibits the lysis of the A170 strain by the phage M^SA, while A172^TA does not. (D) The phage-sensitive strain A170 grows in the presence of the M^Sa phage, if pre-treated with GlcAc-ase (4 U/tube; 2 h at 37°C).</p

In <i>S. aureus</i>, phage-resistance comes with production of capsular polysaccharide.

<p>(A) Strains A170, A177, A179, A181 (sensitive to the phages M^SA, M^SA1, M^Sa2, M^SA3, respectively). (B) Strains A172, A178, A180, A182 (resistant to the phages M^SA, M^SA1, M^Sa2, M^SA3, respectively).</p

Pulsed field electrophoresis pattern of <i>Sma I</i> digests from the <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> A170 strain.

<p>The A172 strain (not shown) displayed an identical pattern. M: DNA Size Standard, Lambda Ladder (Concatemers of λ cl857 Sam7) (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA).</p

Mouse anti A172-HK antibodies protect mice challenged with <i>S. aureus</i> A170 strain.

a<p>Colony forming units per g of kidneys; values calculated on 3 mice.</p>b<p>Two tailed Fisher's exact test.</p>c<p>Intramuscular.</p>d<p>P<0.0001.</p