Challenges of “On Terms to Be Agreed” in WTO: LDC’s Experiences for Ethiopian

Ethiopia has been in the process of accession to the WTO since January 2003. Accession to the WTO is not an end by itself but it’s a key element for speed up national development goal directly or indirectly. Indeed, lessons from recently accessed countries indicate that, the WTO accession process is quit complex and demands well preparation in order to take decisions on trade policy reforms to meet the requirement of accession. Thus, this article examines the experience of Least Developed Countries which has been finalized their WTO accession process i.e. Cambodia, Nepal, and Yemen. Finally, the article has found that, in toting up to personal knowledge and skill of negotiators, Ethiopia shall bargain after deep studies on the commitment packages to reduce possible challenges and to prepare for remedy by formalizing institutional mechanisms open for stakeholder’s participation. Key terms: WTO Accession Process, Experiences of LDC’s, Ethiopia Accession DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/86-02 Publication date:June 30th 201

COMESA: Prospects and Challenges for Regional Trade Integration

The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) was established with a view to achieve sustainable development through progressive realization of integration, begin with preferential trade area then becoming a common market and finally transforming into economic community. In COMESA, member states have been obligated to establish a customs union, abolish all non-tariff barriers, and determine a common external tariff and follow common standards of custom procedures. Among those commitments, FTA is established to facilitate regional integration through zero customs tariffs on goods traded among the Member States. The study has found that, less diversity in trade, overlapped memberships, heterogeneity of the economy, loss of import-export tax revenue, lack of political commitment, loss of national sovereignty, poor private sector participation, and poor infrastructure were identified as challenge to achieve the objective of COMESA. Therefore, states needs to take affirmative action’s including harmonizing their national trade policies in the manner of pre portrayed goal of COMESA-FTA arrangement. In doing so, it needs to venture the expected challenges of membership to COMESA-FTA and potential gains from trade liberalization. Keywords: COMESA, Regional Integration, Free Trade Area DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/76-02 Publication date:September 30th 201

EFFECT OF ACESS TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ON STIGMA, JIMMA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA

No abstract - Available on PD

Therapeutic efficacy of Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children

No Abstract Available Ethiop.J.Health Dev. Vol.19 (1) 2005: 11-1

Malnutrition: Prevalence and its associated factors in People living with HIV/AIDS, in Dilla University Referral Hospital

BACKGROUND: Literatures on prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among peoples living with HIV/AIDS are limited in Ethiopia and not well documented either. The proper implementation of nutritional support and its integration with the routine highly active antiretroviral therapy package demands a clear picture of the magnitude and associated factors of malnutrition. The objective of this study is, therefore, to assess the prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among peoples living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in Dilla University referral Hospital including adult HIV patients who were in highly active anti retroviral therapy. Interview administered questionnaires were used to collect data on socio demographic factors. Besides, HIV related clinical information was extracted from anti retro viral therapy data base and clinical charts. The nutritional status of the patients was determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) where BMI < 18kg/m(2) was defined as malnutrition according to World Health Organization (WHO). Binary logistic regression was used to assess association between different risk factors and malnutrition. Confidence interval of 95% was considered to see the precision of the study and the level of significance was taken at α <0.05. RESULTS: A total of 520 patients were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 12.3% (95% CI 9.5–15.0). After full control of all variables; unemployment (OR = 3.61, 95% CI: 3.6 − 7.76), WHO clinical stage four (OR = 12.9, 95% CI: 2.49− 15.25), gastrointestinal symptoms (OR = 5.3, 95% CI: 2.56 − 10.78) and previous (one) opportunistic infection (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 2.06 − 5.46), and two & above previous opportunistic infections (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 3.38 − 10.57) were significantly associated with malnutrition. However, moderately poor economic condition was found to be protective factor for malnutrition (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.14 − 0.95). CONCLUSION: Unemployment, WHO clinical AIDS stage four, one & more number of previous opportunistic infections and gastrointestinal symptoms were found to be important risk factors for malnutrition among People Living with HIV/AIDS. From this study it has been learnt that nutritional programs should be an integral part of HIV/AIDS continuum of care. Furthermore, it needs to improve household income of PLHIV with employment opportunity and to engage them in income generating activities as well

The dynamics of TseTse Fly in and around intensive suppression area of Southern Tsetse Eradication Project Site, Ethiopia

This study was carried out in and around intensive suppression area of the Southern Tsetse Eradication Project in Gamo Goffa Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and people`s Region of Ethiopia. Assessment of the dynamics of the vector tsetse was done by entomological survey between December-Jan, 2008 (dry season) and April-May, 2009 (wet season) in and around the intensive suppression area of the project site. The entomological survey revealed the presence of Glossinapallidipes as the only Glossina species in the study area. Total catch of flies were 95 and zero with averages of apparent densities of 1.6 and zero flies per trap per day during dry and wet seasons, respectively in ISA and a total catch of 8417 and 2028 with averages of apparent densities of 280.6 and 67.6 flies per trap per day in dry and wet seasons, respectively in Nech Sar National Park. In conclusion, results of seasonal and spatial dynamics of tsetse flies in intensive suppression areas and Nech Sar National Park, would be useful in planning an eradication program in the project area. Large population of tsetse flies in the Nech Sar National Park poses a risk of reinvasion and the uncontrolled animal movements in the project area may challenge the efficiency of the project.Generally continuous control and monitoring activities in the project area should be evaluated periodically and effectiveness of each control measures in specified sites must be seen in a favor of eradication program.The study would help in dynamic approach of the project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.Keywords: Apparent density, Cattle, Intensive Suppression Area, Nech Sar National Park, Tsetse dynamics

Factors Determining Establishment of Participatory Forest Management (PFM): The Case of Konso Woreda Gocha Kebele, Ethiopia

In this study the assessment of determining factors for the establishment of participatory forest management (PFM) in Gocha kebele, Konso woreda Segen Area Peoples Zone South Ethiopia was studied. The objective of the study was identifying the major factors that determine PFM in the study area. The study was designed to collect data on the factors that determining PFM establishment. From the total of 400 HHs in the study area, purposely selected 10% which are 40 HHs were selected and a structured questionnaire was administered for individual HHs. It was identified that about 57.5% of the total respondents were the member of PFM and the rest 42.5% were not. About 72.5% of the PFM members are involved in decision making. Knowledge gap, access and distance to the forests and limitation in income and subsistent need were the major determining factors for the establishment and participation in the PFM in the study area. Finally, it was recommended that awareness creation, providing alternative sources for income and energy are the key ways to conserve forest resources. Keywords: Afforestation, Decision making, Deforestation, Forest conservation, PF

Undernutrition among Pregnant Women in Rural Communities in Southern Ethiopia

Background: Maternal undernutrition rates in Ethiopia are among the highest in the world. In addition, a huge inequity exists within the country, with pregnant women in rural communities being at increased risk. This study assessed the prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among pregnant women in a rural community in southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 376 randomly selected pregnant women. Data were collected through face-to-face interview followed by mid-upper arm circumference measurement. Household food insecurity and minimum dietary diversity for women were assessed. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Logistic regression models were fitted to check associations between independent variables and undernutrition. Statistical significance was set at p Results: The prevalence of undernutrition was 41.2% (95% CI 36.3%-46.3%). Unintended pregnancy (AOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.27-3.36) and not participating in Wome's Health Development Army meetings (AOR 3.64, 95% CI 1.51-8.77) were independent predictors of undernutrition. However, minimum dietary diversity for women of five or more food groups (AOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.82), having at least one antenatal care visit (AOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27-0.78), age at first pregnancy >= 20 years (AOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.21-0.76), and being from food-secure households (AOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.16-0.43) were independent protective factors against undernutrition. Conclusion: Undernutrition among pregnant women was highly prevalent in the study area. Interventions aiming to reduce undernutrition should focus on discouraging teenage and unintended pregnancy, reducing household food insecurity, and promoting antenatal care visits and encouraging consumption of diversified diets by women. Strengthening the existing network of the Women's Health Development Army seems to be very important

Enhancing first year chemistry student’s participation in practical chemistry course

In this study, enhancing student’s participation in practical analytical chemistry course at Haramaya University with various reasons was conducted. The data were collected from I year chemistry undergraduate students of class size 56 of which 23 were females and 33 were males. The class was arranged in to two groups for laboratory class and the experiment was conducted once per week in analytical laboratory. The research used mainly three kinds of data collection techniques namely questionnaire and laboratory report and demonstration result to gather the required qualitative and quantitative data for improving the participation of first year chemistry students. From the result, it was found that students were interested towards the practical analytical courses on the basis of condition such as, necessity of the chemistry with life, their participation in the laboratory, getting experience from the laboratory and performing the experiment in group. The results of the study support the notion that, students were more interested to a group work rather than individual work since they share idea, read their manual before coming to laboratory which contributed to their own participation in learning practical chemistry courses. The research has also shown that student’s activity through experimental demonstration in group increases student’s participations in the laboratory effectively by achieving better results than using laboratory report writing methods. The findings also revealed that some of the causes of students’ negative attitudes towards learning practical Chemistry were mainly due to problems in preparing a flow chart for the experiments by themselves and lack of exposure to well-equipped laboratory for conducting demonstrations. In view of the findings and conclusions drawn in the study, Chemistry laboratories should be adequately equipped to ensure a smooth running of the practical classes and students should be encouraged to participate on practical chemistry courses and appropriate motivation should be given so that they will develop positive attitude towards the practical sessions

Mobility Load Balancing in Cellular System with Multicriteria Handoff Algorithm

Efficient traffic load balancing algorithm is very important to serve more mobile users in the cellular networks. This paper is based on mobility load balancing handoff algorithm using fuzzy logic. The rank of the serving and the neighboring Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) are calculated every half second with the help of measurement report from the two-ray propagation model. This algorithm is able to balance load of the BTS by handing off some ongoing calls on BTS’s edge of highly loaded BTS to move to overlapping underloaded BTS, such that the coverage area of loaded BTS virtually shrunk towards BTS center of a loaded sector. In case of low load scenarios, the coverage area of a BTS is presumed to be virtually widened to cover up to the partial serving area of neighboring BTS. This helps a highly loaded neighboring BTS or failed BTS due to power or transmission. Simulation shows that new call blocking and handoff blocking using the proposed algorithm are enhanced notably