Additional file 1: of Risk factors, clinical presentations and predictors of stroke among adult patients admitted to stroke unit of Jimma university medical center, south west Ethiopia: prospective observational study

Data abstraction tool. (DOCX 24 kb

Additional file 1: of Burden, clinical outcomes and predictors of time to in hospital mortality among adult patients admitted to stroke unit of Jimma university medical center: a prospective cohort study

Selection of study participants (DOCX 76 kb

Additional file 1: of Risk factors, clinical presentations and predictors of stroke among adult patients admitted to stroke unit of Jimma university medical center, south west Ethiopia: prospective observational study

Data abstraction tool. (DOCX 24 kb

Base-case results of un-dominated strategies in different HIV-infected patient statuses and CD4 cell count levels.

Base-case results of un-dominated strategies in different HIV-infected patient statuses and CD4 cell count levels.</p

Base-case results.

BackgroundRecent clinical findings reported the reduced mortality associated with treatment guided by sputum-based molecular test with urine-based lipoarabinomannan (LAM) assay for tuberculosis (TB) disease in HIV-infected individuals. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of sputum-based Xpert tests with and without urine-based LAM assays among HIV-infected individuals with signs and symptoms of TB disease (TBD) from the perspective of South African healthcare providers.MethodsA one-year decision-analytic model was constructed to simulate TB-related outcomes of 7 strategies: Sputum smear microscope (SSM), Xpert, Xpert Ultra, Xpert with AlereLAM, Xpert Ultra with AlereLAM, Xpert with FujiLAM, and Xpert Ultra with FujiLAM, in a hypothetical cohort of adult HIV-infected individuals with signs and symptoms of TB. The model outcomes were TB-related direct medical cost, mortality, early treatment, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and incremental cost per DALY averted (ICER). The model inputs were retrieved from literature and public data. Base-case analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted.ResultsIn the base-case analysis, the Xpert Ultra with FujiLAM strategy showed the highest incidence of early treatment (267.7 per 1000 tested) and lowest mortality (29.0 per 1000 tested), with ICER = 676.9 USD/DALY averted. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations showed the cost-effective probability of Xpert Ultra with FujiLAM was the highest of all 7 strategies at the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold >202USD/DALY averted.ConclusionStandard sputum-based TB diagnostic Xpert Ultra with urine-based FujiLAM for TBD testing in HIV-infected individuals appears to be the preferred cost-effective strategy from the perspective of the health service provider of South Africa.</div

Tornado diagram of influential parameters on the ICER of FujiLAM + Xpert Ultra versus Xpert Ultra identified in a one-way sensitivity analysis.

DALY: disability-adjusted life years; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; DS-TB: drug susceptible tuberculosis; MTB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; TB: tuberculosis; TBD: tuberculosis disease; WTP: willingness-to-pay.</p

Simplified decision-analytical model for XDR-TB treatment with BDQ-based regimen versus injectable-based conventional regimen.

BDQ: Bedaquiline; SAE: Serious adverse event; XDR-TB: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.</p

Acceptability curves and frontiers of 7 testing strategies for TB diagnosis to be cost-effective against willingness-to-pay.

CEAF: cost-effectiveness acceptability frontier; WTP: willingness-to-pay.</p

A systematic review of pharmacoeconomic evaluations on oral diarylquinoline-based treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis: from high to low burden countries

Introduction: There is a rising global interest in the pharmacoeconomic evaluations of bedaquiline (BDQ), a novel oral diarylquinoline, for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Areas covered: This article systematically reviewed publications retrieved from Medline, American Psychological Association-Psychology information, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Science direct, Center for Reviews and Dissemination, and CINAHL Complete during 2010–2020 on pharmacoeconomic studies on BDQ for DR-TB treatment. Ten Markov model-based cost-effectiveness analyses identified were conducted in high (n = 4), intermediate (n = 2), and low (n = 4) TB burden countries. Expert opinion: The paucity of model-based health economic analyses on BDQ-containing regimens for DR-TB indicated that further pharmacoeconomic research of BDQ-based regimens, on the aspects of duration of BDQ treatment, types of DR-TB indicated, and settings of regions and health-systems, is highly warranted to inform global cost-effective use of BDQ-based regimens for DR-TB treatment.</p

Acceptability curves of the BDQ group and the conventional group to be cost-effective against willingness-to-pay.

BDQ: Bedaquiline; WTP: Willingness-to-pay.</p