Antitrust and the Future of Nursing: Federal Competition Policy and the Scope of Practice

TesisEn los últimos tiempos existe una tendencia mundial hacia un mayor consumo de frutas y hortalizas, motivado fundamentalmente por una creciente preocupación por una dieta más equilibrada, con menor proporción de carbohidratos, grasas y con una mayor cantidad de fibra dietética, vitaminas y minerales. Los vegetales han tenido generalmente una forma tradicional de consumo que se ha ido modificando con el surgimiento de nuevas tecnologías de procesamiento y de preservación, (Lay Ma, 1993). El yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolia) es una raíz que se domesticó en los Andes desde la época preincaica. Los centros de mayor diversidad se localizan en las zonas fronterizas de Perú con Bolivia y Ecuador. Sin embargo, su hábitat natural se extiende desde el sur de Colombia hasta el norte de Argentina (Ferro, 2006). En el caso de frutas el objetivo es entregar al mercado un producto de la mejor calidad, con el fin de ofrecer al consumidor mejor presentación, sabor, nutrientes, aceptación y que el consumidor pague por lo que se ofrece, con el fin de obtener los beneficios deseados. Los vegetales frescos deben conservarse adecuadamente hasta el momento del consumo. Las condiciones y duración del almacenamiento influyen mucho en el aspecto y valor nutritivo. Los productos vegetales al ser cosechados deben ser acondicionados a temperaturas bajas a fin de alargar su vida útil. Con el fin de evitar que durante el almacenamiento a bajas temperaturas se produzca una alteración de los alimentos se realiza una operación denominada escaldado cuyo fin principal es el de la inactivación de las enzimas responsables de la degradación. A este respecto se utiliza la peroxidasa como indicador ya que es la más termo resistente. La finalidad básica del escaldado es la inactivación enzimática, pero además se producen otros efectos deseables en el alimento: Limpieza, se quita el polvo, los gases superficiales y aparece una nueva tonalidad en el alimento; eliminación de la carga microbiana superficial; eliminación de los gases que se encuentran ocluidos en los tejidos; suavizado del material (Loannou, 2013). En el presente trabajo se estudió el efecto que tiene la temperatura de almacenamiento y el escaldado del yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolia) sobre la peroxidasa y la variación de vitamina C, con esto se realizó el estudio de estabilidad, a fin de demostrar que un producto, podría conservarse durante largos periodos de almacenamiento y así poder retener componentes nutritivos

Length of urban residence and obesity among within-country rural-to-urban Andean migrants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between length of residence in an urban area and obesity among Peruvian rural-to-urban migrants. DESIGN: Cross-sectional database analysis of the migrant group from the PERU MIGRANT Study (2007). Exposure was length of urban residence, analysed as both a continuous (10-year units) and a categorical variable. Four skinfold site measurements (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) were used to calculate body fat percentage and obesity (body fat percentage >25% males, >33% females). We used Poisson generalized linear models to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. Multicollinearity between age and length of urban residence was assessed using conditional numbers and correlation tests. SETTING: A peri-urban shantytown in the south of Lima, Peru. SUBJECTS: Rural-to-urban migrants (n 526) living in Lima. RESULTS: Multivariable analyses showed that for each 10-year unit increase in residence in an urban area, rural-to-urban migrants had, on average, a 12 % (95 % CI 6, 18 %) higher prevalence of obesity. This association was also present when length of urban residence was analysed in categories. Sensitivity analyses, conducted with non-migrant groups, showed no evidence of an association between 10-year age units and obesity in rural (P=0·159) or urban populations (P=0·078). High correlation and a large conditional number between age and length of urban residence were found, suggesting a strong collinearity between both variables. CONCLUSIONS: Longer lengths of urban residence are related to increased obesity in rural-to-urban migrant populations; therefore, interventions to prevent obesity in urban areas may benefit from targeting migrant groups

Freeform Powder Molding for Rapid Tooling

Tooling development can be quite time consuming and costly. Several iterations may be required, and later product or process modifications may necessitate tooling redesign. Rapid prototyping techniques capable of meeting the structural requirements of short-run and end-use tooling will have a significant impact on the product development cycle. This paper presents a technique for producing tooling using the Freeform Powder Molding process. Resulting tooling can be made from a wide variety of readily available metal powders, and mechanical properties can be tailored for customized tool design and fabrication. The example presented in this paper focuses on the rapid production of tooling for sheet metal formingMechanical Engineerin

One Spin Trace Formalism for BK B_K

It has been known for some time that there are two methods to calculate $B_K$ with staggered fermions: one is the two spin trace formalism and the other is the one spin trace formalism. Until now, the two spin trace formalism has been exclusively used for weak matrix element calculations with staggered fermions. Here, the one spin trace formalism to calculate $B_K$ with staggered fermions is explained. It is shown that the one spin trace operators require additional chiral partner operators in order to keep the continuum chiral behavior. The renormalization of the one spin trace operators is described and compared with the two spin trace formalism.Comment: 47 pages, latex, 4 figures are available on reques

Chiral effective theory predictions for deuteron form factor ratios at low Q^2

We use chiral effective theory to predict the deuteron form factor ratio G_C/G_Q as well as ratios of deuteron to nucleon form factors. These ratios are calculated to next-to-next-to-leading order. At this order the chiral expansion for the NN isoscalar charge operator (including consistently calculated 1/M corrections) is a parameter-free prediction of the effective theory. Use of this operator in conjunction with NLO and NNLO chiral effective theory wave functions produces results that are consistent with extant experimental data for Q^2 < 0.35 GeV^2. These wave functions predict a deuteron quadrupole moment G_Q(Q^2=0)=0.278-0.282 fm^2-with the variation arising from short-distance contributions to this quantity. The variation is of the same size as the discrepancy between the theoretical result and the experimental value. This motivates the renormalization of G_Q via a two-nucleon operator that couples to quadrupole photons. After that renormalization we obtain a robust prediction for the shape of G_C/G_Q at Q^2 < 0.3 GeV^2. This allows us to make precise, model-independent predictions for the values of this ratio that will be measured at the lower end of the kinematic range explored at BLAST. We also present results for the ratio G_C/G_M.Comment: 31 pages, 7 figure

Humour in Nietzsche's style

Nietzsche's writing style is designed to elicit affective responses in his readers. Humour is one of the most common means by which he attempts to engage his readers' affects. In this article, I explain how and why Nietzsche uses humour to achieve his philosophical ends. The article has three parts. In part 1, I reject interpretations of Nietzsche's humour on which he engages in self‐parody in order to mitigate the charge of decadence or dogmatism by undermining his own philosophical authority. In part 2, I look at how Nietzsche uses humour and laughter as a critical tool in his polemic against traditional morality. I argue that one important way in which Nietzsche uses humour is as a vehicle for enhancing the effectiveness of his ad hominem arguments. In part 3, I show how Nietzsche exploits humour's social dimension in order to find and cultivate what he sees as the right kinds of readers for his works

Phylogeny of the Australian Solanum dioicum group using seven nuclear genes: Testing Symon’s fruit and seed dispersal hypotheses.

The dioecious and andromonoecious Solanum taxa (the “S. dioicum group”) of the Australian Monsoon Tropics have been the subject of phylogenetic and taxonomic study for decades, yet much of their basic biology is still unknown. This is especially true for plant-animal interactions, including the influence of fruit form and calyx morphology on seed dispersal. We combine field/greenhouse observations and specimen-based study with phylogenetic analysis of seven nuclear regions obtained via a microfluidic PCR-based enrichment strategy and high-throughput sequencing, and present the first species-tree hypothesis for the S. dioicum group. Our results suggest that epizoochorous trample burr seed dispersal (strongly linked to calyx accrescence) is far more common among Australian Solanum than previously thought and support the hypothesis that the combination of large fleshy fruits and endozoochorous dispersal represents a reversal in this study group. The general lack of direct evidence related to biotic dispersal (epizoochorous or endozoochorous) may be a function of declines and/or extinctions of vertebrate dispersers. Because of this, some taxa might now rely on secondary dispersal mechanisms (e.g. shakers, tumbleweeds, rafting) as a means to maintain current populations and establish new ones

The Anatomy of ε′/ε\varepsilon'/\varepsilon Beyond Leading Logarithms with Improved Hadronic Matrix Elements

We use the recently calculated two--loop anomalous dimensions of current-current operators, QCD and electroweak penguin operators to construct the effective Hamiltonian for $\Delta S=1$ transitions beyond the leading logarithmic approximation. We solve the renormalization group equations and give the numerical values of Wilson coeff. functions. We propose a new semi-phenomenological approach to hadronic matrix elements which incorporates the data for $CP$-conserving $K \rightarrow \pi\pi$ amplitudes and allows to determine the matrix elements of all $(V-A)\otimes (V-A)$ operators in any renormalization scheme and do a renormalization group analysis of all hadronic matrix elements $\langle Q_i(\mu) \rangle$. We compare critically our treatment of these matrix elements with those given in the literature. We find in the NDR scheme \epe = (6.7 \pm 2.6)\times 10^{-4} in agreement with the experimental findings of E731. We point out however that the increase of $\langle Q_6 \rangle$ by only a factor of two gives \epe = (20.0 \pm 6.5)\times 10^{-4} in agreement with the result of NA31. The dependence of \epe on $\Lambda_{\bar{MS}}$, $m_t$ and $\langle Q_{6,8} \rangle$ is presented.Comment: 91 pages (A4) with 20 PostScript figures (distributed separately); TUM-T31-35/93, MPI-Ph/93-11 and CERN-TH 6821/9