Biosynthesis pathways of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides in mammalian cells and the possible consequence of the misincorporation and repair of uracil residues in DNA

synthesis of AMP, CMP, GMP and UMP ribonucleotides allows the formation of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP and dUTP deoxyribonucleotides, which can be readily incorporated in DNA by cellular DNA polymerases. Note that dTTP derives from dUTP hydrolysis. Abbreviations: A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; T, thymine; U, uracil; MP, monophosphate; DP, diphosphate; TP, triphosphate; rNDP, ribonucleotide diphosphate; NMPK, nucleotide monophosphate kinase; NDPK, nucleotide diphosphate kinase.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Uracil within DNA: an actor of antiviral immunity"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/45</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():45-45.</p><p>Published online 5 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2427051.</p><p></p

APOBEC3 family members and their associated roles in exogenous viruses and endogenous retroelements restriction

Data are compiled from [27, 77, 87, 90, 126-140].<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Uracil within DNA: an actor of antiviral immunity"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/45</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():45-45.</p><p>Published online 5 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2427051.</p><p></p