Community perception on climate change and usage patterns of non-timber forest products by communities around Kilolo District, Tanzania

Climate change is currently one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humankind; where increased temperatures and changing rainfall patterns are predicted to impact upon livelihoods in Tanzania. This paper highlights the current use pattern of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) byforest-dependent communities as a strategy to cope with the impacts of climate change and variability around the New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve (NDUFR) in Kilolo District. Specifically, the local peoples’ perceptions of climate change and the change in use pattern of NTFPs as aresponse to perceived change were investigated. Participatory Research Approaches mainly focus group discussions and household questionnaires were the methods used to collect data. The Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) and content analysis were tools used to analyse data.Further, the Community-based Risk Screening Tool for Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL 3.0) was used to synthesize information on the link between climate change, NTFPs and livelihoods. The local people perceived changes in climate based on rainfall and temperature in line with the available climatic data records from 1980 to 2011. Temperature has increased for the past 30 years; while rainfall is characterized by large inter-annual variability, with the heaviest rains in 1997 and 2010.Communities living around NDUFR are increasingly relying on NTFPs for food, health and income security among the strategy to cope with change in climate compared to the situation 30 years ago. In conclusion, climate has been varying around forest communities in Kilolo affecting their livelihood. At the same time, NTFPs seem to play safety roles by assisting communities to cope in adverse situations. There is a need for training communities on climate change issues to enhance the adaptive capacity of communities and in turn improve their livelihood. Sustainable harvesting ofNTFPs is crucial so as to reduce overexploitation of forest resources.Key words: Climate change; adaptation; NTFPs; Tanzania

Properties of Nesogordonia Holtzh subsp Hotzii (Moss) capuron: a lesser known timber species from Kilindi District, Tanzania

Nesogordonia holtzii subsp holtzii (Moss) Capuron is a lesser-known timber species belonging to the family Sterculiaceae. The species is distributed in the eastern tropical Africa in association with other tree species as Newtonia buchananii, Albizia versicolor, Allanblackia stuhlmanii, Antiaris toxicaria and Sterculia appendiculata. Currently it is harvested for fuelwood and building poles thus being under-valued, Due to its wood technical properties not known to users it is placed in royalty fee class V timbers. The objective of this study was therefore to determine and assess some basic physical and mechanical properties of N. holtzii. Compare the determined strength properties of N. holtzii with those from well known tree species. Use different combinations of the properties of N. holtzii obtained to assign suitable end uses and promote it for its utilization. Three mature sample trees free from visible defects were selected randomly. Each tree was sampled to produced three logs. Test specimens were extracted from the sample logs using the method by Larvers (1969). Physical and strength properties determination was carried out according to the procedure described in ISO 3131(1975) ISO3133 (1975) BS 373(1957, 1976) Larvers (1969) and Panshin and de Zeeuw (1970). The results showed that N. holtzii was found to have yellow timber that turns reddish brown on seasoning and the wood is fine textured. The average basic density is 593 kg m-3 Modulus of Elasticity 7,606 N/mm-3, Modulus of Rupture 81 N/mm-2, Work to Maximum Load 0.098 N mm-3, Total Work 0.196 N mm-3, Compression Stress 48.83 N mm- 2, Shear Stress 11.40 N mm-2 and Cleavage Strength 24.98 N mm-1. These properties are within the acceptable range for the building and furniture industry. As many traditional timbers become scarcer, the timber of Nesogordonia holtzii should be promoted and is recommended as a substitute for Afzelia quanzensis, Pterocarpus angolensis and Newtonia buchananii. The resemblance in colour allows these timber species to be sold in one group. Key words: Basic density – Tanga - Olea hochstteter – Brachystergia sp

Physical and strength properties of Azadirachta indica, (a. Juss.) growing in Morogoro, Tanzania

Physical and strength properties of Azadirachta indica growing in Morogoro, Tanzania were determined and the results compared with already known properties of timber of the same family. The properties determined included basic density, bending strength, stiffness, work to maximum load, total work, compression and shear parallel to the grain and cleavage strength. A total of 160 test samples were used from three trees randomly selected from the study area. Preparations of test samples, actual testing and determination of different properties were carried out following standard methods. All strength property values were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Results showed A. indica to have a mean basic density of 646 kg m- 3, classified as high density timber, comparable to that of Khaya anthotheca and Trichilia emetica from the same family. The overall strength properties of A. indica are lower compared to those of K. anthotheca and T. emetica, however, superior in terms of cleavage strength. Based on the studied properties, the species can successfully substitute K. anthotheca and T. emetica in uses which require high bending, cleavage and shear parallel to the grain strengths. A. indica wood is therefore recommended for uses other than fuel wood and poles such as making furniture, tool handles, artificial limbs, joinery and plywood. Keywords: Physical properties - strength properties - Azadirachta indica - Tanzania.Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation Vol. 77 2008: pp. 35-4

Properties of Celtiz zenkeri Engel: a lesser-known timber species from Kilindi District, Tanzania

This study was conducted to provide some of the basic physical and strength properties of wood of Celtis zenkeri Engel. which is among the lesser-known and lesser-utilized timber species from Tanzania. Celtis zenkeri belonging to the family Ulmaceae is currently being harvested for wood fuel and building poles thus being under-valued and placed in class V timbers since the basic properties of its wood are not yet known. The objective of this study was therefore, to determine and assess some of the basic physical and mechanical properties of C. zenkeri specifically colour, texture, basic density, Static bending (Modulus of Flasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Work to maximum Load and Total work), Compression parallel to grain, Shear and Cleavage stress. Relationships between basic density and the mechanical properties were also assessed. Data for this study were collected from three mature and defect free sample trees objectively selected from Kilindi district in Tanga region. Each sample tree produced three logs; from bottom, middle and upper part of the bole. Test specimens were extracted from the samples and by using standard methods, the physical and mechanical properties were determined. The following are the wood strength properties obtained for C. zenkeri. Basic density (655 kg m-3) and Total Work (21,916 N mm-2), Modules of rapture (198 N mm-2), Work to maximum load (0.360 N mm-3) and Total Work (0.598 N mm-2). Others are; Cleavage strength (24.56 N mm-width), compression strength (97.1 N mm-2) and Shear strength (28.7 N mm-1) Celtis zenkeri wood was found to have desirable values to be used for hand tools, joinery, building, plywood, artificial limbs and flooring furniture.Key words: Basic density - Tanga, Khaya anthotheca, Eucalyptus paniculata, Fagaropsis angolensi

Properties of Manilkara Discolor (Sond.) Hemsl.): a lesser-known timber species from Kilindi District Tanzania

This work was conducted to determine some physical and mechanical properties of Manilkara discolor, a lesser-known and lesser-utilized timber species from Kilindi District Tanzania. Three large trees free from visible defects were selected, felled and small sample pieces of 20 mm x 20 mm x 60 mm for compression, 20 mm x 20 mm x 20 mm for shear, 20 mm x 20 mm x 45 mm for cleavage and 20 mm x 20 mm x 300 mm for static bending, comprising 72 pieces for each test were prepared. The sample pieces were tested in laboratory using standard methods. The wood was brownish and attractive, fine textured with appealing figure and attaining good finish when plained. The results showed the species to have wood basic Density of 765 kg m-3, Modulus of Elasticity of 14,341 N mm-2, Modulus of Rupture of 119.48 Nmm-2, Work to Maximum Load of 0.132 mm Nmm-2 and Work to Total Fracture of 0.284 mm Nmm-2. The Compression parallel to grain was 41.69 Nmm-2, Shear parallel to grain was 18.65 Nmm-2 and Cleavage Strength was 34.97 Nmm-2. Manilkara discolor wood was found to have desirable values and can be used to substitute other species which are currently in danger of over-exploitation.Key words: Basic density – Tanga - Khaya anthotheca - Pterocarpus angolensi

Strength properties of chipboards available in Tanzania market

Chipboard is among the wood based boards with high influx in the  Tanzania market. Most of the properties of the chipboard entering Tanzania markets are not clearly stated. There has been a notion among users of the chipboards consumers to believe that boards from outside Tanzania are the best, thus impacting the local markets negatively. This study was conducted to determine physical and mechanical properties of chipboards available in Tanzanian. Properties determined and compared included board Moisture contents, density, Modulus of rupture (MOR), Modulus of elasticity (MOE), Internal bond strength (IB) and Strength retention. Prices of the boards were influenced by board origin, size andappearance. The boards had moisture contents of 10.7 and 10.5%; densities of 626.6 and 614.8 kg/m3, MOR of 7.4 and 6.7 N/mm2, MOE of 1568 and 1190 N/mm2, IB of 0.3 and 0.6 N/mm2 from Tanzania and Kenya respectively. The results show that Tanzania chipboards had high strength values however fetched low price. The reason behind this could besurface appearance which is not good for Tanzania chipboards, thus should work to improve appearance and some board qualities. Manufactures should supply boards with its properties in markets as boards were found to vary in properties.Key words: chipboards, strength properties, density, modulus of rupture,modulus of elasticit

Some Physical And Strength Properties Of Lesser Known Aphloia theiformis Timber From Lushoto Tanga, Tanzania

Some physical and strength properties of lesser known Aphloia theiformis timber grown in and around Magamba Forest Reserve, Lushoto district, Tanga region were determined. A total of three sample trees were randomly selected and felled for this study. Test samples for moisture content, basic density and Strength properties determination were prepared and tested according to Lavers (1969), BS 373 (1957), ISO 3130 (1975), ISO 3131 (1975), ISO 3133 (1975) and ISO 3349 (1975). It was observed that Aphloia theiformis timber has a sapwood and heartwood colour ranging from creamcoloured to whitish pink resembling that of Grevillea robusta. The average basic density was 519 kg/m3 with a standard deviation of 4.2 which can be classified as medium-density timber. The basic density showed a slight decrease from butt end to top end. Regarding strength properties, Aphloia theiformis timber had a mean modulus of rupture of about 55.8 N/mm2 and modulus of elasticity of about 3854 N/mm2. The work to the maximum load was about 0.06mmN mm-3, while total work averaged 0.08mmN mm-3. The compression and shear parallel to the grain were 37.4 and 12.6N mm-2 respectively. Furthermore, all strength properties of Aphloia theiformis were positively correlated with basic density. The properties of this timber were also comparable to properties of Grevilea robusta and are always rated the same by timber dealers. While Aphloia theiformis had higher tearing strength than Grevillea robusta, the modulus of rupture and compression parallel to the grain values were comparable. Aphloia theiformis can therefore substitute Grevilea robusta in many areas of its application. Keywords: Aphloia theiformis - lesser known - physical and strength propertiesTanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation Vol. 77 2008: pp. 1-