Experimenter's Freedom in Bell's Theorem and Quantum Cryptography

Bell's theorem states that no local realistic explanation of quantum mechanical predictions is possible, in which the experimenter has a freedom to choose between different measurement settings. Within a local realistic picture the violation of Bell's inequalities can only be understood if this freedom is denied. We determine the minimal degree to which the experimenter's freedom has to be abandoned, if one wants to keep such a picture and be in agreement with the experiment. Furthermore, the freedom in choosing experimental arrangements may be considered as a resource, since its lacking can be used by an eavesdropper to harm the security of quantum communication. We analyze the security of quantum key distribution as a function of the (partial) knowledge the eavesdropper has about the future choices of measurement settings which are made by the authorized parties (e.g. on the basis of some quasi-random generator). We show that the equivalence between the violation of Bell's inequality and the efficient extraction of a secure key - which exists for the case of complete freedom (no setting knowledge) - is lost unless one adapts the bound of the inequality according to this lack of freedom.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, incorporated referee comment

Induction of Mutation in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) Using Gamma Rays

The present investigation was carried out to study variability induced by gamma rays with respect to vegetative characters and LD50 dose in Rough lemon. Rough lemon seeds were gamma irradiated at doses of 0, 4, 6 and 8 kr along with control. Seed germination decreased with increasing dose of gamma radiation. Seedling height and leaf size also decreased with increasing dose of gamma radiation, whereas, apical branching, number of branches/seedling, number of variegated / albino seedlings and number of leaves increased with increasing dose of gamma radiation. Maximum variability for seedling height, number of leaves, leaf size, colour, internode length, and per cent apical branching was observed at two months from sowing in seeds treated with 8 kr dose of gamma radiation. Variability for all characters was, however, found to be minimum in the control

Effect of Different Levels of N and P on Ratoon Crop of Banana cv. Grand Naine

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of various levels of N and P on growth and yield of banana cv. Grand Naine in first ratoon crop at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The treatments consisted of six levels of nitrogen at 150, 200 (in 4 and 5 splits), 250 (in 4 and 5 splits) and 300 g (in 5 splits) per plant as urea, phosphorus at 60 and 90 g per plant as single super phosphate. Application of N and P at the rate of 200 g N in 5 splits + 60 g P2O5 per plant to ratoon crop of banana cv. Grand Naine proved to be the best among all treatment combinations. This also resulted in maximum plant growth, early shooting and fruit maturity. In addition, the fruit yield per plant (18.9 kg) was maximum with the above mentioned treatment. Finger length increased with increase in dose of N from 150 g to 200 g per plant

Dispersion Relations for Bernstein Waves in a Relativistic Pair Plasma

A fully relativistic treatment of Bernstein waves in an electron-positron pair plasma has remained too formidable a task owing to the very complex nature of the problem. In this article, we perform contour integration of the dielectric response function and numerically compute the dispersion curves for a uniform, magnetized, relativistic electron-positron pair plasma. The behavior of the dispersion solution for several cases with different plasma temperatures is highlighted. In particular, we find two wave modes that exist only for large wavelengths and frequencies similar to the cyclotron frequency in a moderately relativistic pair plasma. The results presented here have important implications for the study of those objects where a hot magnetized electron-positron plasma plays a fundamental role in generating the observed radiation.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. E with minor change

Assessment of the last-in-first out principle of access for managing the connection of distributed wind generators

Recent projects in the UK have investigated different connection arrangements for managing distributed wind generators to maintain thermal limits and a number of principle of access for generators to the limited distribution network capacity have been investigated. However, principle of access to manage voltage limits have not received as much attention. This study aims to evaluate the current practice for connecting ‘non-firm’ distributed wind generators under both voltage and thermal constraint conditions. It addresses the issue by developing a representative model of a UK 11kV radial distribution feeder comprising a mix of urban and rural sections using time-step optimal power flow simulations. The results indicated that when the principle is applied under both network constraint conditions, it can lead to inefficient use of network capacities and reduced renewable energy yields

Effect of Pre-Harvest Treatment on Yield, Maturity and Quality of Flame Seedless Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

To improve fruit quality in grape cv. Flame Seedless, application of Ethephon (400 and 500 ppm) and trunk girdling was done at veraison stage. Cluster thinning was done by retaining 100, 75 and 50% of total number of bunches on the vines, and, the rest were removed immediately after full bloom. Highest yield was obtained in the treatment 100% Crop load + 500ppm Ethephon, followed by 75% Crop load + 500ppm Ethephon. The treatment of 50% Crop load + 500ppm Ethephon resulted in maximum bunch weight, lowest percentage of uneven coloured berries, maximum TSS, minimum acidity and maximum TSS:acid ratio, maximum anthocyanin content, advanced maturity by 9 days and had maximum sensory rating. But, in this treatment, yield was significantly lower than in treatments where either 75% or 100% Crop load was retained. Thus, considering yield as well as quality parameters, the treatment 75% Crop load + 500ppm Ethephon was found to be the best

Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Fruiting and Yield Characteristics in Ratoon Crop of Banana (Musa spp. AAA) Cv. Grande Naine

In ratoon crop of banana cv. Grande Naine, date of shooting could be advanced by 35 days with application of 200g N in 5 splits + 60g P2O5 (86 days), compared to 300g N in 5 splits + 60g P2O5 (121 days). Subsequently, date of harvest also got advanced by 53 days, and fruits were harvested on 9th December in the same treatment. Higher dose of N fertilization delayed shooting and harvesting period, taking 121 days for shooting and 145 days from shooting to harvest in the treatment 300g N (5 split doses) + 90g P2O5. Various N and P treatments affected bunch weight and number of hands per bunch significantly. Although N and P combination-treatments had no significant effect on bunch weight or number of hands per bunch, application of 200g N in 5 splits and 60g P2O5 per plant gave maximum bunch weight (18.11kg) and number of hands per bunch (10.61). Minimum bunch weight (15.37kg) and the least number of hands per bunch (7.08) were obtained with 150g N in 5 splits + 90g P2O5. Hand-weight (2.20kg), number of fingers per hand (19.75), and finger length (20.30cm) was highest with application of 200g N in 5 splits + 60g P2O5 per plant. Least hand-weight (1.64kg), number of fingers per hand (15.77), and finger-length (17.92cm) was recorded with 150g N in 5 splits + 90g P2O5. Bunch weight, number of hands per bunch, hand-weight and number of fingers per hand too was affected significantly with sole application of nitrogen or phosphorus

Ion-Acoustic Solitons in Bi-Ion Dusty Plasma

The propagation of ion-acoustic solitons in a warm dusty plasma containing two ion species is investigated theoretically. Using an approach based on the Korteveg-de-Vries equation, it is shown that the critical value of the negative ion density that separates the domains of existence of compressi- on and rarefaction solitons depends continuously on the dust density. A modified Korteveg-de Vries equation for the critical density is derived in the higher order of the expansion in the small parameter. It is found that the nonlinear coefficient of this equation is positive for any values of the dust density and the masses of positive and negative ions. For the case where the negative ion density is close to its critical value, a soliton solution is found that takes into account both the quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. The propagation of a solitary wave of arbitrary amplitude is investigated by the quasi-potential method. It is shown that the range of the dust densities around the critical value within which solitary waves with positive and negative potentials can exist simultaneously is relatively wide.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure

Nitrogen-vacancy singlet manifold ionization energy

The singlet states of the negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond play a key role in its optical spin control and readout. In this work, the hitherto unknown ionization energy of the singlet is measured experimentally and found to be between 1.91-2.25 eV. This is obtained by analyzing photoluminescence measurements incorporating spin control and NV charge state differentiation, along with simulations based on the nitrogen-vacancy's master equation. This work establishes a protocol for a more accurate estimate of this ionization energy, which can possibly lead to improved read-out methods