Universality and Clustering in 1+1 Dimensional Superstring-Bit Models

We construct a 1+1 dimensional superstring-bit model for D=3 Type IIB superstring. This low dimension model escapes the problems encountered in higher dimension models: (1) It possesses full Galilean supersymmetry; (2) For noninteracting polymers of bits, the exactly soluble linear superpotential describing bit interactions is in a large universality class of superpotentials which includes ones bounded at spatial infinity; (3) The latter are used to construct a superstring-bit model with the clustering properties needed to define an $S$-matrix for closed polymers of superstring-bits.Comment: 11 pages, Latex documen

Program for computing partial pressures from residual gas analyzer data

A computer program for determining the partial pressures of various gases from residual-gas-analyzer data is given. The analysis of the ion currents of 18 m/e spectrometer peaks allows the determination of 12 gases simultaneously. Comparison is made to ion-gage readings along with certain other control information. The output data are presented in both tabular and graphical form

Who pays the taxes?

The European Union is legally entitled to the revenue from (1) agricultural and sugar levies, (2) customs duties, (3) a 1 percent rate on each Member States' value added tax base, and (4) a resource on the basis of GNP. Currently, the Union is actively involved in the search for a fifth own revenue source. Therefore, the European Commission (DG XIX) has invited the authors to trace 'who pays the taxes'. As requested, our report gives a general account of methods to investigate impacts of taxation. More specifically, we have estimated the incidence of national tax systems (Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom), and the incidence of present own resources and prospective new (tax) resources of the European Union. Up till now, such information was not (readily) available.tax incidence in the European Union, prospective new EU tax resources

Modelling the spread of American foulbrood in honeybees

We investigate the spread of American foulbrood (AFB), a disease caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, that affects bees and can be extremely damaging to beehives. Our dataset comes from an inspection period carried out during an AFB epidemic of honeybee colonies on the island of Jersey during the summer of 2010. The data include the number of hives of honeybees, location and owner of honeybee apiaries across the island. We use a spatial SIR model with an underlying owner network to simulate the epidemic and characterize the epidemic using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme to determine model parameters and infection times (including undetected ‘occult’ infections). Likely methods of infection spread can be inferred from the analysis, with both distance- and owner-based transmissions being found to contribute to the spread of AFB. The results of the MCMC are corroborated by simulating the epidemic using a stochastic SIR model, resulting in aggregate levels of infection that are comparable to the data. We use this stochastic SIR model to simulate the impact of different control strategies on controlling the epidemic. It is found that earlier inspections result in smaller epidemics and a higher likelihood of AFB extinction

Who pays the taxes?

The European Union is legally entitled to the revenue from (1) agricultural and sugar levies, (2) customs duties, (3) a 1 percent rate on each Member States' value added tax base, and (4) a resource on the basis of GNP. Currently, the Union is actively involved in the search for a fifth own revenue source. Therefore, the European Commission (DG XIX) has invited the authors to trace 'who pays the taxes'. As requested, our report gives a general account of methods to investigate impacts of taxation. More specifically, we have estimated the incidence of national tax systems (Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom), and the incidence of present own resources and prospective new (tax) resources of the European Union. Up till now, such information was not (readily) available.tax incidence in the European Union, prospective new EU tax resources

The distribution of effective tax burdens in four EU countries

National policymakers are increasingly aware that their tax policy options are constrained by international tax competition. Important features of national tax systems - notably the tax mix, tax rates and rules which define the tax base - will influence decisions of firms and individuals regarding the location and (re)structuring of economic activities. The aim of the present paper is twofold: Firstly, we detail the tax mix of four member states of the European Union (Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and United Kingdom). Secondly, the paper aims to trace the distribution of the tax burden over rich and poor households in these four countries. Although tax mix and tax rates differ considerably among the four countries included in the study, the distribution of tax burdens proves to be amazingly similar.Distribution of tax burden, European Union; tax mix of Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and United Kingdom

Non-covalent Functionalization of Graphene to Tune Its Band Gap and Stabilize Metal Nanoparticles on Its Surface

Support from the Spanish Government (project no. RTI2018101558-B-C21), Autonomous Regional Government (Junta de Andalucia ', group nos. PAIDI FQM273 and RMN342), and University of Jaen (no. EI_FQM6-2019) is gratefully acknowledged. Technical and human support provided by SCAI of the University of Jaen (UJA, MINECO, Junta de Andalucia ', and FEDER) is also acknowledged.Controlling graphene conductivity is crucial for its potential applications. With this focus, this paper shows the effect of the non-covalent bonding of a pyrimidine derivative (HIS) on the electronic properties of graphene (G). Several G-HIS hybrids are prepared through mild treatments keeping unaltered the structures of both G and HIS. The attachment of HIS to G occurs by π−π stacking of the HIS-aromatic residue with the G surface. This partially blocks the pz electrons of G, giving rise to the splitting of both the valence and conduction bands. Moreover, the width of the splitting is directly related to the HIS content. This fact allows the fine-tuning of the band gap of G-HIS hybrids. Furthermore, HIS keeps its metal-complexing ability in the G-HIS hybrids. Taking advantage of this, a G-HIS−Cu(0) composite was prepared by H2 plasma reduction of a precursor of the G-HIS−Cu(II) type. GHIS− Cu(0) contains Cu(0) clusters stabilized on the G surface due to interactions with the COO− functions of HIS. In an analogous hybrid, G-HIS−Au(0), the Au(0) NPs are also stabilized by COO− functions. This material, consisting of the coupling of Au(0) NPs and G-HIS, photocatalyzed water reduction under visible light radiation producing 12.5 μmol·g−1·h−1of hydrogen.Spanish Government RTI2018101558-B-C21Junta de Andalucia PAIDI FQM273 RMN342University of Jaen EI_FQM6-201

NMDA Receptor C-Terminal Domain Signalling in Development, Maturity, and Disease

The NMDA receptor is a Ca 2+-permeant glutamate receptor which plays key roles in health and disease. Canonical NMDARs contain two GluN2 subunits, of which 2A and 2B are predominant in the forebrain. Moreover, the relative contribution of 2A vs. 2B is controlled both developmentally and in an activity-dependent manner. The GluN2 subtype influences the biophysical properties of the receptor through difference in their N-terminal extracellular domain and transmembrane regions, but they also have large cytoplasmic Carboxyl (C)-terminal domains (CTDs) which have diverged substantially during evolution. While the CTD identity does not influence NMDAR subunit specific channel properties, it determines the nature of CTD-associated signalling molecules and has been implicated in mediating the control of subunit composition (2A vs. 2B) at the synapse. Historically, much of the research into the differential function of GluN2 CTDs has been conducted in vitro by over-expressing mutant subunits, but more recently, the generation of knock-in (KI) mouse models have allowed CTD function to be probed in vivo and in ex vivo systems without heterologous expression of GluN2 mutants. In some instances, findings involving KI mice have been in disagreement with models that were proposed based on earlier approaches. This review will examine the current research with the aim of addressing these controversies and how methodology may contribute to differences between studies. We will also discuss the outstanding questions regarding the role of GluN2 CTD sequences in regulating NMDAR subunit composition, as well as their relevance to neurodegenerative disease and neurodevelopmental disorders. </p