Science education

To begin to understand the history of science education in the United States, one must begin with its role in American colonialism. The American Declaration of Independence's invocation of “the Laws of Nature and Nature's God” is an assertion that the justifications for colonialism (of England over white Americans, at the very least) were contrary to nature itself - and God. Miners in California and Nevada pointed to their self-educated credentials as a demonstration of their fitness, while others saw the need to create an American mining school as a way to ensure the Americanness of future industry. These issues came to a head during and immediately after the American Civil War. The public interpretation of the Soviet satellite Sputnik I as a symbol of falling behind in military and economic competition served to foment public support for Cold War-era science education

Effective population size of broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) in Brazil: A historical and spatial perspective

Caiman latirostris has a large geographic distribution, that includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. In Brazil illegal hunting and land use change have caused population decline, relatively well documented in the last three decades. Due to such circumstances, the estimate of species effective population size might help analyze its viability. Single-sample estimator was used to estimate current effective population size (Ne) of broad-snouted caiman populations in representative areas of the species range in Brazil. For the analyzes, genotypes previously obtained were used for subpopulations of the captive colony of the University of São Paulo (USP) and for wild subpopulations. The microsatellites used were Amiμ8, Amiμ11, Amiμ13, Amiμ20, Claμ2, Claμ5, Claμ6, Claμ7, Claμ8, Claμ9 and Claμ10. The 11 loci analyzed produced 18.27 alleles on average. Wild populations showed significant genic and genotypic differentiation among them (p < 0.01). Population structure analyses (Rho-statistics) at Genepop for all loci was 0.376. The effective number of population sizes (Ɵ, the Ne estimator of Migrate-n software) of Caiman latirostris populations from the captive colony at the USP was 117.1 (N = 7) for NRF, 115.2 (N = 4) for Fm1, and 107.5 (N = 4) for Fm5, on the oposite side, the mean value of theta (Ɵ) was 7.7 (N = 51) for the Atlantic SE basin wild population, 9.4 (N = 42) for the Atlantic N/NE basin wild population and 9.6 (N = 91) for the Paraná basin wild population. The mean number of migrants (M of Migrate-n software) varied from 1.7 to 1.9 estimated by migrate-n are comparable to 1.3 estimated by Genepop. It is observed that in most wild population only few adults effectively contribute to genetic variation. The following guidlines are proposed as management actions: (1) an update of population sampling; (2) redefinition, delimitation and conservation of natural habitats; and (3) new conservation genetic studies with special attention to genetic diversity recovery

Evolutionary analysis of apolipoprotein E by Maximum Likelihood and complex network methods

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apo E) is a human glycoprotein with 299 amino acids, and it is a major component of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and a group of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Phylogenetic studies are important to clarify how various apo E proteins are related in groups of organisms and whether they evolved from a common ancestor. Here, we aimed at performing a phylogenetic study on apo E carrying organisms. We employed a classical and robust method, such as Maximum Likelihood (ML), and compared the results using a more recent approach based on complex networks. Thirty-two apo E amino acid sequences were downloaded from NCBI. A clear separation could be observed among three major groups: mammals, fish and amphibians. The results obtained from ML method, as well as from the constructed networks showed two different groups: one with mammals only (C1) and another with fish (C2), and a single node with the single sequence available for an amphibian. The accordance in results from the different methods shows that the complex networks approach is effective in phylogenetic studies. Furthermore, our results revealed the conservation of apo E among animal groups

Evolutionary analysis of apolipoprotein E by Maximum Likelihood and complex network methods

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apo E) is a human glycoprotein with 299 amino acids, and it is a major component of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and a group of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Phylogenetic studies are important to clarify how various apo E proteins are related in groups of organisms and whether they evolved from a common ancestor. Here, we aimed at performing a phylogenetic study on apo E carrying organisms. We employed a classical and robust method, such as Maximum Likelihood (ML), and compared the results using a more recent approach based on complex networks. Thirty-two apo E amino acid sequences were downloaded from NCBI. A clear separation could be observed among three major groups: mammals, fish and amphibians. The results obtained from ML method, as well as from the constructed networks showed two different groups: one with mammals only (C1) and another with fish (C2), and a single node with the single sequence available for an amphibian. The accordance in results from the different methods shows that the complex networks approach is effective in phylogenetic studies. Furthermore, our results revealed the conservation of apo E among animal groups

ßS-Haplotypes in sickle cell anemia patients from Salvador, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2017-07-27T16:54:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonçalves MS BS Haplotypes in sickle....pdf: 585067 bytes, checksum: cb0d25b2f356bbb59ad509d85a02d8a8 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2017-07-27T17:09:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonçalves MS BS Haplotypes in sickle....pdf: 585067 bytes, checksum: cb0d25b2f356bbb59ad509d85a02d8a8 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T17:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonçalves MS BS Haplotypes in sickle....pdf: 585067 bytes, checksum: cb0d25b2f356bbb59ad509d85a02d8a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003PAPESFIOCRUZ (No. 0250250304) and CNPq (No. 521201/96-1).Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Faculdade de Farmácia. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular. Departamento de Toxicologia e Análises Clínicas. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilSecretaria de Saúde da Bahia. Fundação Hemocentro da Bahia. Salvador, BA, BrasilSecretaria de Saúde da Bahia. Fundação Hemocentro da Bahia. Salvador, BA, BrasilHospitalar Professor Edgard Santos. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilFaculdade de Farmácia. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular. Departamento de Toxicologia e Análises Clínicas. Salvador, BA, BrasilFaculdade de Farmácia. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular. Departamento de Toxicologia e Análises Clínicas. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Matemática. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilßS-Globin haplotypes were studied in 80 (160 ßS chromosomes) sickle cell disease patients from Salvador, Brazil, a city with a large population of African origin resulting from the slave trade from Western Africa, mainly from the Bay of Benin. Hematological and hemoglobin analyses were carried out by standard methods. The ßS-haplotypes were determined by PCR and dot-blot techniques. A total of 77 (48.1%) chromosomes were characterized as Central African Republic (CAR) haplotype, 73 (45.6%) as Benin (BEN), 1 (0.63%) as Senegal (SEN), and 9 (5.63%) as atypical (Atp). Genotype was CAR/ CAR in 17 (21.3%) patients, BEN/BEN in 17 (21.3%), CAR/BEN in 37 (46.3%), BEN/SEN in 1 (1.25%), BEN/Atp in 1 (1.25%), CAR/Atp in 6 (7.5%), and Atp/Atp in 1 (1.25%). Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values did not differ among genotype groups but were significantly higher in 25 patients presenting percent fetal hemoglobin (%HbF) ≥10% (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). The median HbF concentration was 7.54 ± 4.342% for the CAR/CAR genotype, 9.88 ± 3.558% for the BEN/BEN genotype, 8.146 ± 4.631% for the CAR/ BEN genotype, and 4.180 ± 2.250% for the CAR/Atp genotype (P = 0.02), although 1 CAR/CAR individual presented an HbF concentration as high as 15%. In view of the ethnic and geographical origin of this population, we did not expect a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for CAR/CAR and BEN/BEN homozygous haplotypes and a high proportion of heterozygous CAR/BEN haplotypes since the State of Bahia historically received more slaves from Western Africa than from Central Africa