Performance and exhaust gases of a diesel engine using different magnetic treatments of the fuel

In this research, different magnetic treatments were applied to diesel fuel using static magnetic fields of 0.36T of magnetic induction. The magnetic conditioners (MCs) were installed in different positions of the fuel lines in the engine and the magnetic treatment of the diesel was also carried out before introducing it into the engine tanks. The study was conducted using a four-stroke, two-cylinder, Lister Petter (LPWS2) engine with a compression ratio of 23.5:1 and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen oxides and the temperature of the exhaust gases and the mass consumption of fuel were measured. The highest levels of reduction were achieved with the magnetic treatments that locate the MC directly in the engine's pipes. As the number of MC in the engine pipes increases, the emissions of polluting gases decrease. With the treatment that locates one MC in front of each injector, two MC at the entrance of the filter and two MC in the return of fuel were able to increase the O2 emissions by 6.9% and decrease the CO emissions in about 21.3% in the last load of the generator set. With this treatment a decrease in fuel consumption of 4.89% to 80% of engine load was obtained

A rapid determination of acidic pharmaceuticals in environmental waters by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled to tandem mass spectrometry without chromatography

10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.03

Novel coatings for stir bar sorptive extraction to determine pharmaceuticals and personal care products in environmental waters by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry

10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.010Two new commercially available polar coatings for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), consisting of polyacrylate (PA) with a proportion of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) (Acrylate Twister®) and PEG modified silicone (EG Silicone Twister®), were evaluated and compared with the classic coating based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS Twister®) for the extraction of a group of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater samples. The SBSE parameters, such as sample pH, agitation speed, extraction temperature, extraction time, desorption solvent and time, were optimised in order to achieve suitable sorption of the target analytes. The EG Silicone coating enabled more efficient extraction of some polar compounds as well as improving the sorption of apolar compounds, in comparison with the other two coatings. Finally, the method of SBSE followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC¿MS/MS) using the EG Silicone coating was validated achieving good linearity (r2 > 0.994, except for CBZ (r2 > 0.989)), precision (%RSD < 17%) and low limits of quantification (LOQs) (20¿40 ng L-1). The SBSE/LC¿MS/MS methodology was applied for the determination of PPCPs in wastewater samples