Kaplan-meier curves indicating 10-year decompensation, liver transplant and mortality free survival among PBC patients according to mirtazapine usage.

<p>Kaplan-meier curves indicating 10-year decompensation, liver transplant and mortality free survival among PBC patients according to mirtazapine usage.</p

Flow diagram of identified PBC patients in The Health Improvement Network between April 1974 and May 2007.

<p>Flow diagram of identified PBC patients in The Health Improvement Network between April 1974 and May 2007.</p

Patients characteristics according to depression status.

<p>Patients characteristics according to depression status.</p

Quantitative Metabolomic Profiling of Serum, Plasma, and Urine by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy Discriminates between Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Healthy Individuals

Serologic biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have yielded variable differentiating ability. Quantitative analysis of a large number of metabolites is a promising method to detect IBD biomarkers. Human subjects with active Crohn’s disease (CD) and active ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified, and serum, plasma, and urine specimens were obtained. We characterized 44 serum, 37 plasma, and 71 urine metabolites by use of ¹H NMR spectroscopy and “targeted analysis” to differentiate between diseased and non-diseased individuals, as well as between the CD and UC cohorts. We used multiblock principal component analysis and hierarchical OPLS-DA for comparing several blocks derived from the same “objects” (e.g., subject) to examine differences in metabolites. In serum and plasma of IBD patients, methanol, mannose, formate, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, and amino acids such as isoleucine were the metabolites most prominently increased, whereas in urine, maximal increases were observed for mannitol, allantoin, xylose, and carnitine. Both serum and plasma of UC and CD patients showed significant decreases in urea and citrate, whereas in urine, decreases were observed, among others, for betaine and hippurate. Quantitative metabolomic profiling of serum, plasma, and urine discriminates between healthy and IBD subjects. However, our results show that the metabolic differences between the CD and UC cohorts are less pronounced

Age-specific frequency of admissions to emergency departments (ED) for non-specific abdominal pain stratified by sex.

<p>Age-specific frequency of admissions to emergency departments (ED) for non-specific abdominal pain stratified by sex.</p

The effect of EHC-6802 on mouse GI motility.

<p>A) The effect of EHC-6802 (initial concentration 360 µg/200 µl regarded as 1∶1 dilution) on EFS (8 Hz)-stimulated smooth muscle contractions in mouse ileum and colon. Note that EHC-6802 significantly, in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited twitch contractions in mouse colon. Data represent mean ± SEM for n = 8. *P<0.05, as compared with control. B) In vivo effects of EHC-6802 (360 µg/200 µl/animal, QD, p.o.) on colonic bead expulsion time in mice. The results are shown as mean ± SEM of n = 5–10 mice for each experimental group. *P<0.05, as compared with control (animals receiving tap water).</p

Quantitative Metabolomic Profiling of Serum, Plasma, and Urine by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy Discriminates between Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Healthy Individuals

Serologic biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have yielded variable differentiating ability. Quantitative analysis of a large number of metabolites is a promising method to detect IBD biomarkers. Human subjects with active Crohn’s disease (CD) and active ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified, and serum, plasma, and urine specimens were obtained. We characterized 44 serum, 37 plasma, and 71 urine metabolites by use of ¹H NMR spectroscopy and “targeted analysis” to differentiate between diseased and non-diseased individuals, as well as between the CD and UC cohorts. We used multiblock principal component analysis and hierarchical OPLS-DA for comparing several blocks derived from the same “objects” (e.g., subject) to examine differences in metabolites. In serum and plasma of IBD patients, methanol, mannose, formate, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, and amino acids such as isoleucine were the metabolites most prominently increased, whereas in urine, maximal increases were observed for mannitol, allantoin, xylose, and carnitine. Both serum and plasma of UC and CD patients showed significant decreases in urea and citrate, whereas in urine, decreases were observed, among others, for betaine and hippurate. Quantitative metabolomic profiling of serum, plasma, and urine discriminates between healthy and IBD subjects. However, our results show that the metabolic differences between the CD and UC cohorts are less pronounced

Incidence of Appendicitis over Time: A Comparative Analysis of an Administrative Healthcare Database and a Pathology-Proven Appendicitis Registry

<div><p>Importance</p><p>At the turn of the 21^st century, studies evaluating the change in incidence of appendicitis over time have reported inconsistent findings.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>We compared the differences in the incidence of appendicitis derived from a pathology registry versus an administrative database in order to validate coding in administrative databases and establish temporal trends in the incidence of appendicitis.</p><p>Design</p><p>We conducted a population-based comparative cohort study to identify all individuals with appendicitis from 2000 to2008.</p><p>Setting & Participants</p><p>Two population-based data sources were used to identify cases of appendicitis: 1) a pathology registry (n = 8,822); and 2) a hospital discharge abstract database (n = 10,453).</p><p>Intervention & Main Outcome</p><p>The administrative database was compared to the pathology registry for the following <i>a priori</i> analyses: 1) to calculate the positive predictive value (PPV) of administrative codes; 2) to compare the annual incidence of appendicitis; and 3) to assess differences in temporal trends. Temporal trends were assessed using a generalized linear model that assumed a Poisson distribution and reported as an annual percent change (APC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analyses were stratified by perforated and non-perforated appendicitis.</p><p>Results</p><p>The administrative database (PPV = 83.0%) overestimated the incidence of appendicitis (100.3 per 100,000) when compared to the pathology registry (84.2 per 100,000). Codes for perforated appendicitis were not reliable (PPV = 52.4%) leading to overestimation in the incidence of perforated appendicitis in the administrative database (34.8 per 100,000) as compared to the pathology registry (19.4 per 100,000). The incidence of appendicitis significantly increased over time in both the administrative database (APC = 2.1%; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.8) and pathology registry (APC = 4.1; 95% CI: 3.1, 5.0).</p><p>Conclusion & Relevance</p><p>The administrative database overestimated the incidence of appendicitis, particularly among perforated appendicitis. Therefore, studies utilizing administrative data to analyze perforated appendicitis should be interpreted cautiously.</p></div

Quantitative Metabolomic Profiling of Serum, Plasma, and Urine by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy Discriminates between Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Healthy Individuals

Serologic biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have yielded variable differentiating ability. Quantitative analysis of a large number of metabolites is a promising method to detect IBD biomarkers. Human subjects with active Crohn’s disease (CD) and active ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified, and serum, plasma, and urine specimens were obtained. We characterized 44 serum, 37 plasma, and 71 urine metabolites by use of ¹H NMR spectroscopy and “targeted analysis” to differentiate between diseased and non-diseased individuals, as well as between the CD and UC cohorts. We used multiblock principal component analysis and hierarchical OPLS-DA for comparing several blocks derived from the same “objects” (e.g., subject) to examine differences in metabolites. In serum and plasma of IBD patients, methanol, mannose, formate, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, and amino acids such as isoleucine were the metabolites most prominently increased, whereas in urine, maximal increases were observed for mannitol, allantoin, xylose, and carnitine. Both serum and plasma of UC and CD patients showed significant decreases in urea and citrate, whereas in urine, decreases were observed, among others, for betaine and hippurate. Quantitative metabolomic profiling of serum, plasma, and urine discriminates between healthy and IBD subjects. However, our results show that the metabolic differences between the CD and UC cohorts are less pronounced

Comparative analysis in incidence and temporal trends between cohorts of appendicitis patients derived from a pathology-proven registry and an administrative healthcare database.

<p>Comparative analysis in incidence and temporal trends between cohorts of appendicitis patients derived from a pathology-proven registry and an administrative healthcare database.</p