Instruments d'action publique, régulation et gouvernance urbaine : le cas de la protection du patrimoine

International audienceAs heritage raises growing in public policies and plays a role in enchancement of local territory, legislator keeps implementing new tools of pubic action, thus enabling several ways of managing and protecting heritage. Decentralization, leading to change in actor's organization, affects patrimonial policies, although it is still centralized. Considering the current managing system, which turns into contractualization and partnership, this paper relies on the specificity of the patrimonial policies in Tours and Orléans in order to question the use of governance and regulation concepts to describe these news ways of public action.Depuis que le patrimoine prend une ampleur importante dans les politiques publiques et qu'il participe à la mise en valeur des territoires locaux, le législateur n'a cessé de créer de nouveaux instruments d'action publique, variant les modes de gestion et de protection du patrimoine. Avec la décentralisation, des recompositions d'acteurs s'immiscent jusque dans les politiques du patrimoine, pourtant encore centralisées. Face aux pratiques actuelles qui s'orientent vers la contractualisation et le partenariat, cet article interroge l'utilisation des concepts de gouvernance et de régulation pour décrire ces nouveaux modes d'action en prenant appui sur la spécificité des politiques patrimoniales à Tours et Orléans

: Introduction

Ce texte est une introduction du cahier n°1 "Construction politique et sociale des territoires" sur l'analyse de la patrimonialisation des espaces urbains

Patrimoine en action(s), un regard sur les politiques publiques patrimoniales

National audienceCette contribution vise à présenter et discuter l'approche de la patrimonialisation des espaces urbains par les instruments d'action publique. A travers l'étude de plusieurs outils mobilisés dans le cadre de la patrimonialisation de trois centres anciens (Angers, Tours et Orléans), il s'agit de comprendre en quoi les instruments constituent une grille de lecture des enjeux des politiques publiques patrimoniales

Le patrimoine saisi par les instruments d'action publique

Cette contribution a pour objectif de montrer l'intérêt d'une entrée de recherche par les instruments d'action publique pour expliquer la patrimonialisation des espaces urbains. A travers le décryptage de l'instrumentation des politiques publiques patrimoniales, nous essaierons de comprendre en quoi les instruments d'action publique peuvent permettre d'analyser en profondeur les objectifs d'une politique patrimoniale et les enjeux qui y sont associés

Graphene-based Supercapacitors

In Chapter I, the current worldwide energy scenario is thoroughly presented, along with the recent development in renewable technologies. The crucial need of energy storage devices is presented. Electrical storage technologies, with a focus on electrochemical storage, are reviewed. Chapter II deals with the fundamentals of Supercapacitors such as operating principles and cell architectures. Moreover, the history of Graphene is reported with the recent development on its synthesis and production. Materials used to enhance the performance of Graphene-based Supercapacitors are presented. Chapter III is focused on the electrochemical characterization of Graphene-based Supercapacitors with the different measurements available for the performance evaluation and the key parameters. In Chapter IV, a comparison study was performed among several graphene composites containing metal oxides or metal dichalcogenides. However, this chapter was aimed to in-situ synthesize a hybrid 1T-2H-molybdenum disulphide together with the reduction of graphene oxide by one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. The supercapacitor resulting from this innovative hybrid demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performance with a stability up to 50.000 cycles. Chapter V deals with the hydrothermal synthesis of reduced graphene oxide aerogel decorated with molybdenum oxide particles. This work was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the concomitant hydrothermal processes using the L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as reducing agent. The addition of this green reducing agent induces a better reduction of graphene oxide and a higher reproducibility of the desired chemical reduction yield. The presence of molybdenum oxide particles permits to increase the specific capacitance using Faradaic processes. As-synthesized materials are tested in micro-supercapacitors in Chapter VI. PDMS-based micro-supercapacitors were fabricated through a simple photolithographic process. Moreover, the use of a conductive binder, PEDOT:PSS, is investigated. The binder induces the formation of a spring-like rod configuration with the embedded active material. This spatial conformation is determined by the filling of the interdigitated channels by capillarity. As-fabricated micro-supercapacitors show high flexibility and good cycling stability. Finally, Chapter VII presents the integration of supercapacitor devices to textiles fabrics. Two different works are presented: synthesis and characterization of an in-situ reduced graphene oxide aerogels onto a copper wire; and fabrication of exfoliated graphene-based wearable supercapacitors. The first part shows a peculiar morphology of the aerogel wadded around the current collector. The fabricated device demonstrates outstanding electrochemical properties in comparison with state-of-the-art works. Moreover, flexibility tests are performed and results are encouraging. In the second part, high performance exfoliated graphene-based wearable supercapacitors are studied. The padding method allows to produce 100 meters of textile fabrics coated with electrochemical exfoliated graphene. Obtained results are promising but, more importantly, the approach used is scalable and cost-effective. The experimental part of this thesis has been carried out in the Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Torino), in the Department of Applied Science and Technology (Politecnico di Torino), in the School of Chemistry and the National Graphene Institute (The University of Manchester, UK). The work was mainly focused on the synthesis and development of active materials prior to be tested for electrode in supercapacitor applications

Storhy : un modèle de prévision fondé sur la séparation entre écoulement de versants et propagation dans le réseau hydrographique

On présente ici un modèle global de prévision de crue fondé sur une séparation nouvelle entre fonction de production et fonction de transfert. Son principe repose, pour la production, sur une génération d'écoulements localisée aux versants du bassin, et pour la partie transfert, sur une propagation dans le seul réseau hydrographique. Cela implique que les pluies nettes continuent bien après la fin des pluies, ce qu'on modélise par la vidange de réservoirs représentant les versants. Cela conduit aussi à un transfert de courte durée. On utilise l'algorithme itératif et alterné de la DPFT, adapté à nos hypothèses, pour identifier une telle fonction de transfert courte ainsi qu'un jeu de pluies nettes à partir desquelles on procède au dimensionnement des réservoirs de versant. La méthode est illustrée en calibration et validation de données sur plusieurs bassins versants : le Réal Collobrier, le Gardon d'Anduze et Valescure. (Résumé d'auteur

Une chaîne de traitement de l'information géographique au service de l'application de la loi Littoral

L’application de la loi Littoral nécessitait une approche nouvelle de la part de l’État et la mise en œuvre d’outils nouveaux pour une gestion à long terme. L’apport de traitements automatiques de l’information géographique a été ainsi testé au CETE Normandie-Centre sur trois des grands principes posés par cette loi

Functional Analysis of Subunit e of the F\u3csub\u3e1\u3c/sub\u3eF\u3csub\u3eo\u3c/sub\u3e-ATP Synthase of the Yeast \u3cem\u3eSaccharomyces cerevisiae\u3c/em\u3e: Importance of the N-Terminal Membrane Anchor Region

Mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase complexes do not exist as physically independent entities but rather form dimeric and possibly oligomeric complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Stable dimerization of two F1Fo-monomeric complexes involves the physical association of two membrane-embedded Fo-sectors. Previously, formation of the ATP synthase dimeric-oligomeric network was demonstrated to play a critical role in modulating the morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, subunit e (Su e) of the Fo-sector plays a central role in supporting ATP synthase dimerization. The Su e protein is anchored to the inner membrane via a hydrophobic region located at its N-terminal end. The hydrophilic C-terminal region of Su e resides in the intermembrane space and contains a conserved coiled-coil motif. In the present study, we focused on characterizing the importance of these regions for the function of Su e. We created a number of C-terminal-truncated derivatives of the Su e protein and expressed them in the Su e null yeast mutant. Mitochondria were isolated from the resulting transformant strains, and a number of functions of Su e were analyzed. Our results indicate that the N-terminal hydrophobic region plays important roles in the Su e-dependent processes of mitochondrial DNA maintenance, modulation of mitochondrial morphology, and stabilization of the dimer-specific Fo subunits, subunits g and k. Furthermore, we show that the C-terminal coiled-coil region of Su e functions to stabilize the dimeric form of detergent-solubilized ATP synthase complexes. Finally, we propose a model to explain how Su e supports the assembly of the ATP synthase dimers-oligomers in the mitochondrial membrane

WAYS OF COPING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL IN HOSPITALIZED DEPRESSED PATIENTS ADMITTED THROUGH THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OR CONSULTATIONS

Background: In a previous study, we compared the family relationships of patients hospitalized in a psychiatry unit from either psychiatric consultations or after passing emergency room (E.R.). The intensity of depression was statistically comparable in both groups. What distinguishes patients transiting emergencies is that their families and couples are more cohesive and adaptable. In this study, we compare both groups in terms of coping mechanisms and multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC). Subjects and methods: All patients (N=2172) with a major depressive disorder admitted to our department between 01/01/2010 and 31/12/2012 are included in an open study. They completed the Beck’s Depression Inventory, the Olson’s Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, visual analogue scales of stress, the ways of coping checklist, and the MHLC scale. Results: Patients admitted through emergencies are found to have less belief in chance (CHLC) (t=2.488; p=0.014), distance themselves more from their problems (t=-2.187; p=0.03), but reappropriate them less positively (t=2.355; p=0.019) than those admitted through consultations. A logistic regression model including variables identified in the previous study (adaptability in the original family and the couple\u27s lived stress) gives a risk factor (odds ratio) of 14.7 which means that a patient who would combine the different risk factors would be 14.7 times more likely to go through emergency. Conclusions: How to explain that depressive patients with more favorable factors considered: to believe less in chance, distancing from their problems, and having a better family support, are more likely to go to the E.R.? We make the suggestion that those factors exactly slowed down patients in their care application at first, allowing the depression to worsen. It is only once they would have depleted their reserves that they would reach the emergency room on their own initiative or encouraged by their families, themselves overwhelmed by the situation. Further study should take into account the duration of the episode before arrival at the hospital