ALKALI-ACTIVATION OF VITRIFIED BAUXITE RESIDUE: THE EFFECT OF MgO

status: publishe

Heavy metal release from porous inorganic polymers made from Fe-rich slag: Effect of Al content and curing time

status: publishe

Understanding the leaching behavior of inorganic polymers made of iron rich slags

This study investigates the leaching of main and trace elements from inorganic polymers made with an iron rich, fumed, > 90% amorphous slag. Different inorganic polymer binders were synthesized, varying the amount of the activating solution and the silica over sodium oxide ratio from 1.6, to 1.8, to 2.0, with constant water content of ±63%. Cascade and column leaching tests were performed in combination with geochemical speciation modeling (Visual MINTEQ) with the aim to understand the speciation of the elements in the inorganic polymer and their leaching behaviour as a function of pH. This would allow to identify the elements which would be the major issue with respect to leaching when the slag will be used in a construction material. The formed inorganic polymer was able to immobilize cationic elements such as barium, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc, in the pH range 7–12.5 due to adsorption. Elements such as antimony, arsenic, phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium were easily leached out in column and cascade leaching tests, because they most likely occurred as anions in the pore solution. Lead, chromium, and titanium were immobilized in the binder or in crystalline phases in the pH range 3.5–12.5. The study shows that there are multiple factors that affect leaching, the most important of which is shown to be the nature (cationic or anionic) of the elements and the morphology of the matrix. Anions that are present as trace elements (<0.1 wt%) can pose a potential threat in valorising these slags and actions should be taken, either at the metallurgical process itself or downstream, at the synthesis of the inorganic polymers. On the other hand, the results for the cationic species suggest that they are effectively immobilised in most of the cases and for a wide pH range.status: publishe

3D printing of an iron-rich slag based hybrid mortar:A durable, sustainable and cost-competitive product?

Automation through 3D printing can be a possible technological breakthrough in construction. However, the carbon footprint is not necessarily reduced as the print formulations consist of more ordinary Portland cement (OPC) compared to conventional high-performance mortar. In this study, a hybrid mortar with minor amount of OPC and mainly Fe-rich, low-Ca slag is used for printing several structures, followed by a profound study on the durability properties of the printed material. The hybrid mortar outperformed the benchmark with respect to its compressive strength (80.5 ± 4.3 MPa versus 52.4 ± 1.7 MPa) and drying shrinkage (0.8 mm/m versus 1.3 mm/m). The capillary pores present in the printed hybrid resulted in a lower freeze-thaw resistance. Leaching tests showed that the hybrid binder immobilized heavy metals. The hybrid mortar has a CO2 impact between 164 kg CO2/m3 and 548 kg CO2/m3, and costs range from 129 to 193 euro/m3. This study showed that the hybrid mortar can offer a suitable alternative to 3D-printable OPC-mortars