43 research outputs found
A novel formula for the classification of blood vessels according to symmetry, asymmetry and hypoplasia
A new mathematical formula for calculating the symmetry, asymmetry and hypoplasia
of blood vessel segments is presented for discussion. The study was conducted
using the computed tomography (CT) files from 80 patients (34 men and
46 women) from the Silesian University Hospital, Silesia, Poland, who were between
the ages of 12 to 76 and had undergone CT angiography of the circle of
Willis. With the use of Gradual Angiographic Image Data Analyser software and
double shuttled glasses, CT files were reconstructed. In addition, 80 renal arteries
(RAs) from spontaneously aborted foetuses ranging in age from 14 to 30 weeks
(24 male and 16 female) were injected with latex and also included in the study.
Digital images of the RAs were taken using a Camedia 4040 camera and analysed
using original analysis software. A novel formula entitled the Vascular Asymmetry
Coefficient (VAC) was derived for this purpose and displays the differences between
the mean diameters of blood vessel segments expressed as a percentage of
the wider vessel with respect to the major diameter. The asymmetrical classification
for a vascular segment of a vessel is given when the difference between the
mean diameters of the vascular segment, as represented by the wider vessel, is
greater than VAC > 10%. The hypoplastic classification is reserved for blood vessels
where the difference between the diameter of the two segments is expressed
as a percentage of the wider vessels and is greater than VAC > 40%. While there
have been inconsistent and arbitrary classifications for the qualitative criteria of
blood vessels, this newly presented algorithm can be used as a standardised tool
and has a considerable range of uses, particularly when comparing blood vessel
symmetry, asymmetry and hypoplasia prior to bifurcation, and unification
Terminologia anatomica in the past and the future from perspective of 110th anniversary of Polish Anatomical Terminology
Professional terminology is commonplace, particularly in the fields of mathematics,
medicine, veterinary and natural sciences. The use of the terminology
can be international, as it is with Anatomical Terminology (AT). In the early age
of modern education, anatomists adopted Latin as the international language
for AT. However, at the end of the 20th century, the English language became
more predominant around the world.
It can be said that the AT is a specific collection of scientific terms. One of the
major flaws in early AT was that body structures were described by varying
names, while some of the terms was irrational in nature, and confusing. At this
time, different international committees were working on preparing a unified
final version of the AT, which in the end consisted of 5,640 terms (4,286 originally
from the Basle Nomina Anatomica, BNA). Also, each country wanted to
have its own nomenclature. In order to accomplish this, each country based
their nomenclature on the international AT, and then translated it into their
own language.
The history of the Polish Anatomical Terminology (PAT) is unique, and follows
the events of history. It was first published in 1898, at a time when its neighbours
partitioned the territory of Poland. During 150 years, the Polish culture
and language was under the Russification and Germanization policy. It is
important to note, that even with such difficult circumstances, the PAT was
the first national AT in the world. The PAT was a union of the accepted first
BNA in Latin and the original Polish anatomical equivalents. This union formed
the basis for theoretical and clinical medicine in Poland. (Folia Morphol 2008;
67: 87–97
Digital analysis of the dynamics of the arterial supply to the human foetal kidneys
Variations in the renal arteries in human individuals and foetuses have already
been well studied. Contemporary trends in visualisation techniques focus on the
evaluation of the dynamic parameters of blood flow in the vessels (speed, pulsatility,
resistance). Most of these data have been obtained by the means of Doppler
ultrasound (Fig. 1, 2). The authors have not found any anatomical database
containing information about variability in the volume of the foetal renal arteries.
The aim of the study is to design a database for variation in foetal renal
artery volume in relation to foetal age and sex. The material consisted of digital
images of the renal arteries filled with LBS-latex taken from 30 foetuses aged
12–19 Hbd. Digital analysis of the arteries was made with a unique form of
software. The program is a 2D vector graphic editor using spliced functions of
Bezier. Foetal age is estimated according to the last menstrual period and measurement
of manual foot length and femur length (FL) as determined by ultrasound
Digital analysis of the volume of the human foetal suprarenal arteries
Vascularisation of an organ is an index of its metabolic activity. The suprarenal
glands are of crucial importance in the development of pregnancy. No data
were found by the authors to describe the volume of the human foetal suprarenal
arteries throughout pregnancy. The study was designed to form a database
of human foetal suprarenal arterial volume in relation to foetal age and sex.
Digital images were obtained at 4-week intervals of the suprarenal arteries of
30 foetuses aged between 12–40 Hbd. The arteries were primarily filled with LBS
latex. A unique form of software was designed to assist in incorporating vector
graphics, spliced functions of Bezier, into the analysis. The arteries contoured by
the geometric curves were calculated for their initial, average and terminal diameter,
length and volume. The measurements were compared in relation to
foetal age and sex at 4-week intervals. Foetal age was assessed by means of
calculation from the last menstrual period, manual measurement of foot length
and ultrasonagraphic measurement of femoral length.
The suprarenal arteries in human foetuses are of strongly individual variation
both in their origin and quantity. The volume of the arteries appears constant in
the group analysed
Growth dynamics of the renal and suprarenal arteries in human foetuses
The kidneys and suprarenal cortex are of common embryonic origin. The suprarenal
gland and kidney have a common pathway in angiogenesis. Each of the
organs is of key importance for intrauterine and individual development, yet
they vary greatly in growth dynamics throughout pregnancy. The authors compared
the arterial supply of these organs quantitatively in respect to foetal age
and sex
The clinical relevance of coeliac trunk variations
The coeliac trunk is a surgically significant artery originating from the abdominal
aorta and supplying the supracolic organs. Branches of this arterial trunk supply
the primary organs of the abdomen and divert a significant volume of blood
from the abdominal aorta. Past research has shown that the anatomy of the
coeliac trunk is not identical for all human beings and that about 15% of the
population displays significant variations from the typical branching pattern.
Data derived from earlier research has been consolidated to give an account of
the major variations found in the anatomy of the coeliac trunk and to put forward
some theories for the cause of such variation. It is crucial to achieve full
comprehension of these topics as knowledge of these variations is indispensable
in operative and diagnostic procedures within the abdomen. Without understanding
of the arterial architecture and knowledge of the variation characterising
the patient in this critical region surgery may entail a considerable risk of
an error being committed that may occasionally lead to lethal complications
Is manual foot lenght measurement of comparable value to ultrasound femur and humerus measurement in anatomical studies for the assessment of foetal age?
Contemporary anatomical studies require reliable methods for determining foetal
age. Menstrual age is often found to be inadequate. A combination of several
anatomical features showing age-dependency may result both in exact age
approximation and pathology detection. The authors compared the manual foot
length measurements with the ultrasound femur and humerus length measurements
of aborted foetuses in the calculation of foetal age. The correlation between
femur length and foot length as well as humerus length and foot length
were statistically significant. The expected value formulae for foot length are
presented. The authors conclude that foetal age assessment based on foot length
metering is reliable before the 7th calendar month of pregnancy and correlates
with ultrasound measurements of the humerus and femur
Customizable tubular model for n-furcating blood vessels and its application to 3D reconstruction of the cerebrovascular system
Understanding the 3D cerebral vascular network is one of the pressing issues impacting the diagnostics of various systemic disorders and is helpful in clinical therapeutic strategies. Unfortunately, the existing software in the radiological workstation does not meet the expectations of radiologists who require a computerized system for detailed, quantitative analysis of the human cerebrovascular system in 3D and a standardized geometric description of its components. In this study, we show a method that uses 3D image data from magnetic resonance imaging with contrast to create a geometrical reconstruction of the vessels and a parametric description of the reconstructed segments of the vessels. First, the method isolates the vascular system using controlled morphological growing and performs skeleton extraction and optimization. Then, around the optimized skeleton branches, it creates tubular objects optimized for quality and accuracy of matching with the originally isolated vascular data. Finally, it optimizes the joints on n-furcating vessel segments. As a result, the algorithm gives a complete description of shape, position in space, position relative to other segments, and other anatomical structures of each cerebrovascular system segment. Our method is highly customizable and in principle allows reconstructing vascular structures from any 2D or 3D data. The algorithm solves shortcomings of currently available methods including failures to reconstruct the vessel mesh in the proximity of junctions and is free of mesh collisions in high curvature vessels. It also introduces a number of optimizations in the vessel skeletonization leading to a more smooth and more accurate model of the vessel network. We have tested the method on 20 datasets from the public magnetic resonance angiography image database and show that the method allows for repeatable and robust segmentation of the vessel network and allows to compute vascular lateralization indices. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]</p
Digital-image analysis of the femoral shaft/neck angle in human foetuses
Measurements were made of the femoral shaft/neck angle (CCD angle) in 106
human foetuses, aged from 16 to 38 hbd, using a "FEM-GEO_03" computer
program. The values of the CCD angle in the group under examination were:
mean = 140.48°, SD = 6.95°, max = 157.90°, min = 113.93°. No significant
differences were found in CCD angle size between male and female foetuses or
between left and right bones. Dispersion analysis showed a decrease in the CCD
angle during foetal development, which suggests that adaptation to a vertical
position and bipedal gait starts during pregnancy and is manifest as an inborn
feature