Interaction of exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet versus a high-monounsaturated-fat diet on the glucose and lipid metabolism of women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Includes bibliographical references (pages [48]-55)The purpose of this study was to compare a HCHO diet to a HMF diet, in combination with a daily one-hour low-intensity walking program, on the glycemic and lipidemic control in 10 women with NIDDM. The HMF diet (CHO, 30%; fat, 53%; protein, 17%) and exercise program and the HCHO diet (CHO, 64%; fat, 19%; protein, 17%) and exercise program were each performed for a period of seven days with a washout period of seven days between each treatment. Diets had the same amount of calories, simple carbohydrates, and fiber. Blood tests were administered to each subject, the first at the beginning of each experimental period and the second (Post-1) and third (Post-2) before and after the last exercise session of each experimental period, to determine glucose and lipid concentrations. The HMF treatment resulted in a significant reduction in glucose from baseline to Post-1 (P<0.04) and baseline to Post-2 (P<0.04) and a significant reduction of body weight from baseline to Post-1 (P=.008). The HCHO treatment resulted in a significant reduction of glucose from baseline to Post-2 (P<0.04). No significant changes occurred in lipid levels for either treatment. There were also no significant differences between treatments on the mean changes of glucose and lipids. Body weight, however, was significantly lower after the HMF experimental period (P= 0.002) than the HCHO treatment. Results of the study revealed clinical differences in the subjects’ metabolic responses to the two treatments. Glucose and triglycerides X were reduced 16.5% and 28.8% after the HMF treatment compared to 6.1% and 16.4% for the HCHO treatment. Total cholesterol and LDL-C were reduced 4.5% and 4.8% after the HMF treatment, in contrast to an elevation of 1.5 % and 8.4 % for the HCHO treatment. HDL-C increased by 5.6 % after the HMF treatment in contrast to a reduction of 3.9 % for the HCHO treatment. These preliminary findings suggest that a treatment of low-intensity aerobic exercise and a diet high in monounsaturated fats may have a better effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in women with NIDDM compared to a HCHO treatment.M.S. (Master of Science

The effects of diet and/or exercise on the abdominal fat distribution, chronic low-grade inflammation, and metabolic status of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes

Abdominal obesity, abnormal secretion of adipocytokines and chronic-low grade inflammation are proposed to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. How diet and exercise specifically affect these disorders is not clear. This study investigated the effects of diet and exercise on the abdominal obesity, adipocytokine and inflammatory protein levels of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. A secondary purpose was to identify the level of diabetes scientific literacy of this population, and the adequacy of their diabetes education. Following 14 weeks of diet (D) and diet + exercise (D + E) intervention, significant reductions were observed in total abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat (SAT) from pre to post (total abdominal fat: D = -7%, D + E = -11%; SAT: D = -8%, D + -E = -10%), and decreases in fasting blood glucose (D: -14%, D + E: -26%) and total cholesterol levels (D: -5%, D + E: -9%). The addition of exercise (EX) to diet resulted in greater reductions (13%) in visceral adiposity (VAT) suggesting that exercise is essential in the weight loss treatment. Reductions in total abdominal fat and SAT contributed to 57% and 9.7%, respectively, of the variability in fasting glucose changes, while the reductions in VAT contributed to 15.9% of the changes in fasting insulin. Further, we demonstrated for the first time clinically relevant reductions in two inflammatory markers, interleukin 6 (IL-6) (D: -12%; D + E: -27%) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (D: -13%; D + E: -18%) with the D and D + E intervention. Plasma leptin levels were significantly reduced (D: 20% D + E: -40.5%) and adiponectin levels were slightly elevated (D: +17%; D + E: +31%), while EX had no effect on their concentration. These changes were partly explained by changes in abdominal adiposity, and were related to insulin sensitivity improvements. Lastly, women were found to have adequate understanding of the type 2 diabetes physiology, but to have difficulty understanding the scientific terminology of the disease. Further, the diabetes education that the women received from the diabetes practitioners was rated as inadequate. In conclusion, the combination of diet and exercise appears to be the most beneficial treatment for improvements in abdominal adiposity, inflammatory and adipose-derived cytokines, and metabolic status of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes

Diet and exercise effects on aerobic fitness and body composition in seriously mentally ill adults

Low exercise capacity and high obesity levels are the main characteristics of people with serious mental illness (SMI). We conducted a pilot study on the effects of a 3-month exercise and dietary intervention on the aerobic capacity and body composition of obese adults with SMI taking Olanzapine, a second generation antipsychotic medication known to induce weight increments. Fifty adults with SMI (15 males and 35 females) followed a 3-month weight loss intervention programme based on exercise and diet. Pre- and post-intervention, a submaximal O2 exercise test was performed in order to assess O2max anthropometric and body composition measurements were also performed. All participants were obese (body mass index (BMI): 33.61 ± 0.91 kg/m2). Pre- and post-intervention, a submaximal O2 exercise test on the treadmill was performed in order to assess O2max anthropometric and body composition measurements were also performed. Significant reductions in body weight, BMI, body fat and waist circumference were found from pre to post (p &lt; 0.01). O2max was significantly improved in both genders (males: pre: 30.63 ± 2.06 vs. post: 33.19 ± 1.77 ml.kg-1 min-1, females: pre: 25.93 ± 1.01 vs. post: 29.51 ± 1.06 ml.kg-1 min-1, p &lt; 0.01). A significant correlation was found between the change in O2max and the change in body weight and BMI (p &lt; 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the relative change in O2max explained approximately 26% of the variance in the changes for both BMI (p = 0.07) and body weight (p = 0.06). A treatment of exercise and diet improves the aerobic capacity and body composition of obese adults with SMI, despite the use of Olanzapine

Performance Level Affects the Dietary Supplement Intake of Both Individual and Team Sports Athletes

Dietary supplement (DS) intake is high in elite level athletes, however few studies have investigated the impact that the performance level of the athletes has on supplementation intake in individual and team sports. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the DS intake among individual and team sport athletes of various performance levels. A total of 2845 participants (athletes: 2783, controls: 62) between the ages of 11 and 44 years old participated in the study. A 3-page questionnaire was developed to assess the intake of DS. Athletes were categorized based on participation in individual (n = 775) and team sports (n = 2008). To assess the effect of performance level in supplementation intake, athletes were categorized based on training volume, participation in the national team, and winning at least one medal in provincial, national, international or Olympic games. Overall, 37% of all athletes of various performance levels reported taking at least one DS in the last month. A higher prevalence of DS intake was reported in individual (44%) compared to team sport athletes (35%) (p < 0.001). Athletes of high performance level reported greater DS intake compared to lower performance athletes. Males reported a significantly greater prevalence of DS intake compared to females. The most popular supplement reported was amino acid preparation with the main reason of supplementation being endurance improvements. In conclusion, performance level and type of sport appear to impact the DS practices of male and female athletes. These findings should be validated in other populations