Knowledge-based System to Support Architectural Design. Intelligent objects, project net-constraints, collaborative work

The architectural design business is marked by a progressive increase in operators all cooperating towards the realization of building structures and complex infrastructures (Jenckes, 1997). This type of design implies the simulta-neous activity of specialists in different fields, often working a considerable dis-tance apart, on increasingly distributed design studies. Collaborative Architectural Design comprises a vast field of studies that em-braces also these sectors and problems. To mention but a few: communication among operators in the building and design sector; design process system logic architecture; conceptual structure of the building organism; building component representation; conflict identification and management; sharing of knowledge; and also, user interface; global evaluation of solutions adopted; IT definition of objects; inter-object communication (in the IT sense). The point of view of the research is that of the designers of the architectural arte-fact (Simon, 1996); its focus consists of the relations among the various design operators and among the latter and the information exchanged: the Building Objects. Its primary research goal is thus the conceptual structure of the building organ-ism for the purpose of managing conflicts and developing possible methods of resolving them

Multimedia and Knowledge-based Computer-aided Architectural Design

It appears by now fairly accepted to many researchers in the field of the Computer Aided Architectural Design that the way to realize support tools for these aims is by means of the realization of Knowledge Based Assistants. This kind of computer programs, based on the knowledge engineering, finds their power and efficaciousness by their knowledge bases. Nowdays this kind of tools is leaving the research world and it appears evident that the common graphic interfaces and the modalities of dialogue between the architect and the computer, are inadequate to support the exchange of information that the use of these tools requires. The use of the knowledge bases furthermore, presupposes that the conceptual model of the building realized by others, must be made entirely understandable to the architect . The CAAD Laboratory has carried out a system software prototype based on Knowledge Engineering in the field of hospital buildings. In order to overcame the limit of software systems based on usual Knowledge Engineering, by improving architect-computer interaction, at CAAD Lab it is refining building model introducing into the knowledge base two complementary each other methodologies: the conceptual clustering and multimedia technics. This research will make it possible for architects navigate consciously through the domain of the knowledge base already implemented

A Theoretical Model of Shared Distributed Knowledge Bases for Collaborative Architectural Design

This paper is a report on research in progress on Collaborative Architectural Design. The proposed model, the resulting system and its implementation are referenced mainly from the point of view of architectural design and related branches, as envisaged in more advanced design studies. The model is not lacking in validity when its rationale is applied to other fields. The research simultaneously pursues an integrated model: a) of the structure of the net-based architectural design process (consisting of operators, activities, phases and resources); b) of the required knowledge (distributed and functional to the operators and the phases of the process). The paper is focused on the second horn of the model: the structure of the distributed KBs of the Entire Building (EB). The article is divided into three parts. In the first classification is made of the support tools available to architectural design based on two paradigms: the Conventional Method and Collaborative Design. In part two a description is given of the overall model structure, the stratified structure of the Knowledge Bases (Common, Specialized, Project) and that of the EB. The latter is represented by means of the Space System and the Building System. Lastly, a description is given of the atomic elements of the Knowledge Bases - the objects-components; their characteristics in a collaborative, distributive context, in the presence of constraints and objectives that vary according to the operators and the context. In part three a possible implementation of the model is discussed

Philosophy and Structure of a CWE-based Model of Building Design.

Building industry involves a far greater number of professional profiles than all other industries, and it wastes about half of world energy consumption: these two figures are already indicative of the economical importance of this sector beyond all the technical and environmental implications. Anyhow, while the complexity of the building process and of its products is ever increasing, the quality of the buildings is often inadequate, as not complying with the required performances, budget and timing . These difficulties, generally all the greater the more ‘creative’ the design, are often aggravated by misunderstandings, lack of data, and the different aims pursued by the various actors, owing to the close links that exist between actors, activities and resources. To overcome these difficulties we propose a CWE-based process/product model (and an underlying formalization of the information exchanged) of an ICT system through which numerous actors exchange knowledge and interact in carrying out consistent solutions of a design project

A Framework for an Architectural Collaborative Design

The building industry involves a larger number of disciplines, operators and professionals than other industrial processes. Its peculiarity is that the products (building objects) have a number of parts (building elements) that does not differ much from the number of classes into which building objects can be conceptually subdivided. Another important characteristic is that the building industry produces unique products. It was attempted to solve the problem of efficient, user-friendly, and fast information exchange among operators by treating it simply as an exchange of data. But the failure of IGES, CGM, PHIGS confirms that data have different meanings and importance in different contexts. The STandard for Exchange of Product data, ISO 10303 Part 106 BCCM, relating to AEC field, seems to be too complex to be applied to professional studios. Our aim in ArCoDe is to develop a software, which we have called MetaKAAD, able to detect conflicts on the basis of its knowledge (which may be increased by learning from example techniques, Simon, 1984). MetaKAAD operates between the intersection set and the union set of team-i (= actor-i + IA-i)

The Quest for the Holy Grail – Holistic Collaborative Design

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Determinants of out-of-hours service users' potentially inappropriate referral or non-referral to an emergency department: a retrospective cohort study in a local health authority, Veneto Region, Italy

BACKGROUND: A growing presence of inappropriate patients has been recognised as one of the main factors influencing emergency department (ED) overcrowding, which is a very widespread problem all over the world. On the other hand, out-of-hours (OOH) physicians must avoid delaying the diagnostic and therapeutic course of patients with urgent medical conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the appropriateness of patient management by OOH services, in terms of their potentially inappropriate referral or non-referral of non-emergency cases to the ED. METHODS: This was an observational retrospective cohort study based on data collected in 2011 by the local health authority No. 4 in the Veneto Region (Italy). After distinguishing between patients contacting the OOH service who were or were not referred to the ED, and checking for patients actually presenting to the ED within 24\u2005hours thereafter, these patients' medical management was judged as potentially appropriate or inappropriate. RESULTS: The analysis considered 22\u2005662 OOH service contacts recorded in 2011. The cases of potentially inappropriate non-referral to the ED were 392 (1.7% of all contacts), as opposed to 1207 potentially inappropriate referrals (5.3% of all contacts). Age, nationality, type of disease and type of intervention by the OOH service were the main variables associated with the appropriateness of patient management. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may be useful for pinpointing the factors associated with a potentially inappropriate patient management by OOH services and thus contribute to improving the deployment of healthcare and the quality of care delivered by OOH services