Local peoples’ scores of clean water availability during the last 10–20 years (from high to low satisfaction ± SD).

<p>Changes in satisfaction with clean water availability during the periods when the selected major land-use changes occurred as part of the adaptation strategies to hazards (L1–4).</p

Overview of the indicators and methods used to assess land-use changes and their impact on ecosystem services.

<p>Overview of the indicators and methods used to assess land-use changes and their impact on ecosystem services.</p

Mean number of tree species per land use (± SD) that were changed by local people as part of their adaptation strategies to hazards (L1–4).

<p>Mean number of tree species per land use (± SD) that were changed by local people as part of their adaptation strategies to hazards (L1–4).</p

Map of the study sites.

<p>Land cover in the studied landscapes (L) in the Indonesian provinces of West Kalimantan (L1, L2) and Central Java (L3, L4) in 2014.</p

Description of the major land-use changes (L1–4) that the local people undertook to adapt and maintain well-being under the impacts of drivers of change (source: Focus group discussions).

<p>Description of the major land-use changes (L1–4) that the local people undertook to adapt and maintain well-being under the impacts of drivers of change (source: Focus group discussions).</p

Mean values of harvested products from the land (USD/ha/y ± 10% uncertainties).

<p>Land uses that were changed by local people as part of their adaptation strategies to hazards (L1–4).</p

The modified ecosystem services cascade framework.

<p>Drivers of change affect the state of social and ecological systems. Changes in landscape properties or societal values influence land-use decisions and the supply of ecosystem services. A change at one point in the system triggers further changes because of the reinforcing loop of ecosystem services flows, whereby benefits derived from particular land uses lead to more changes by local people to those land-uses to ensure supply of more services.</p

Changes in ecosystem services (land products, carbon sequestration, water purification and regulation) and biodiversity before and after selected land-use changes as per people’s adaptation strategies.

<p>The value of each indicator is normalized from 0 (minimum possible value at the center of the spider plot) to 5 (maximum observed value on the outermost circle).</p