Bubble formation in nanopores: a matter of hydrophobicity, geometry, and size

This review focuses on the phase behaviour of liquids in nanoscale confinement, which promotes drying by a combination of hydrophobicity, small size, and high degree of confinement. In these conditions, the vapour phase can form at exceptionally large pressures or low temperatures as compared to bulk vaporisation, giving rise to the unexpected formation of bubbles. A general framework is introduced which allows to understand the main effects of confinement on the thermodynamics and on the kinetics of drying. The relevance of such phenomena is discussed in the realm of biological nanopores, specifically ion channels, and in nanoporous materials. The emergence of nanoscale effects not accounted for in macroscopic theories is discussed together with the open challenges in this rapidly expanding field

Liquid and vapour phase of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity

Essential oils from Lavandula genus and the obtained hybrids are widely used for different purposes such as perfume production in the cosmetic field and for its biological properties. This is the first study on the liquid and vapour phase of Lavandula × intermedia “Grosso” essential oil grown in the Lazio Region, Italy, investigated using headspace coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). The results showed the most abundant components were linalool and linalyl acetate, followed by 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol, while lavandulyl acetate and borneol were identified as minor compounds, maintaining the same proportion in both the liquid and vapour phase. Furthermore, we tested lavandin liquid and vapour phase essential oil on gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter bohemicus, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Kocuria marina)

Experimental study aimed at highlighting warnings for proper design, construction and control of geocomposite-reinforced asphalt pavements

The proper use of interlayers in asphalt pavements can be an effective and economic option to enhance their service life. However, the presence of a foreign element at the interface should be properly taken into account during design, construction and control of reinforced pavements. Given this background, the present laboratory study investigated stiffness and interface bonding properties of reinforced asphalt systems in order to achieve fundamental information for a correct design as well as proper construction and control of reinforced pavements. To accomplish this objective, different composite reinforcements (grids/fabrics embedded in bituminous membranes) were studied as interlayers of double-layered systems prepared with both traditional and polymer-modified asphalt concretes. Dynamic flexural tests and static interface shear tests were carried out. Unreinforced reference systems was also studied for comparison purposes. Results confirmed the abovementioned warnings that will allow delineating some preliminary guidelines related to the use of reinforcements in pavements

Aesthetic and Mechanical Suitability of a Clear Synthetic Resin as a Unconventional Binder for Road Pavements

Current environmental awareness interests several aspects of civil engineering, including road construction. Indeed, new challenges related to environmental pollution and landscape preservation must be faced. In this sense, clear road pavement surfaces represent an effective technology aimed at guaranteeing environmental-friendly aesthetic pavements. The use of clear synthetic resin as a binder involves several benefits for the mitigation of in-service reached temperatures and the heat distribution within pavements (with appreciable effects on pavement mechanical performance too). The present paper illustrates an experimental study aimed at analysing the chromatic and mechanical properties of a clear synthetic resin and thus its suitability as a binder for road pavement mixes. Chromatic characteristics were assessed through digital image analysis at different aging conditions. A dynamic shear rheometer was used to evaluate the linear viscoelastic properties as well as fatigue and rutting potential of the binder in a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. A conventional 35/50 penetration grade bitumen was also investigated for comparison purposes. The clear resin exhibited limited changes in colour (darkening effects), mainly in the case of short-term aging. On the other hand, a low temperature-dependency of such a binder was observed up to 58\ub0C. Slightly increased aptitude to rutting at the higher temperatures was detected, even if it is worth noting that clear in-service mixtures would achieve lower temperatures than traditional "black" materials at a given environmental condition (air temperature, solar radiation, etc.). The resin also exhibited a softer behaviour, along with an enhanced fatigue resistance. Overall, the studied innovative binder showed promising results in view of its effective use in road paving

Steel slag as valuable aggregate in eco\u2013friendly mixtures for asphalt pavements

Research and application concerning the use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies in road pavements have reached high relevance mainly due to the increasing public consciousness addressed to environmental protection and preservation. In this sense, the possible use of steel slags for construction applications (including road pavements) has a strategic importance to convert a waste into a valuable resource, taking also into account that ferrous slag may have a lower potential to negatively impact the environment. The environmental sustainability of asphalt mixtures prepared with steel slags can be further enhanced adopting the so-called Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology. In fact, WMA is an asphalt concrete modified with additives that can be produced and applied at lower temperatures than the traditional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), thus reducing energy consumption, gas and fume emissions. Given this background, the paper illustrates a part of a wide research study aimed at verifying the utilization feasibility of steel slags in warm asphalt concretes. In particular, midrange and high-service temperature properties as well as water susceptibility of warm mixtures containing steel slags were assessed in the laboratory. The warm modification was performed using a chemical tensoactive additive, whereas slags were taken from a metallurgical plant equipped with an electric arc furnace (EAF). A WMA prepared with only natural aggregates was also studied for comparison purpose. The performance characterization was carried out through both static and cyclic laboratory tests. The results mainly showed that asphalt mixtures prepared combining chemical warm technology and EAF steel slag aggregates demonstrate promising field applicability

Tecnologie intelligenti per l’accessibilità ambientale = Smart technologies for environmental accessibility : Atti della conferenza OQX (Oltre il Quadrato e la X)

La conferenza “OQX – Oltre il Quadrato e la X” è giunta alla quinta edizione approfondendo il tema dell’accessibilità allo spazio antropico attraverso le “tecnologie intelligenti”, intese come soluzioni e applicazioni evolute che favoriscono l’autonomia delle persone con disabilità non solo motorie, ma anche psico-motorie, cognitive, sensoriali, legate a problemi di salute non evidenti o limitazioni multi-generazionali. L’obiettivo della conferenza è stato dare voce agli studi, ai progetti e ai prodotti più innovativi per ciò che concerne la risposta alle disabilità secondo i principi dell’Universal Design, che mirano a realizzare uno spazio equamente accessibile dalla popolazione e nel rispetto della diversità umana. I temi approfonditi della conferenza sono stati: “mobilità e servizi accessibili” e “smart devices, macchine e robotica per l’accessibilità”. Questo volume ne raccoglie gli atti. / The fifth edition of conference “Smart technologies for environmental accessibility. OQX – Oltre il Quadrato e la X” has deepened the accessibility to anthropic space through “smart technologies”, i.e. solutions and applications that guarantee the independence of people with impairments: motor impairment, but also psycho-motor, cognitive, sensory, linked to non-evident health problems or multi-generational limitations. The objective of the conference was to know and to make known the most innovative studies, projects and products that help people with disabilities according to the principles of Universal Design. The themes explored at the conference were: “accessible mobility and services” and “smart devices, machines and robotics for accessibility”.This volume collects the proceedings of the conference

Noncanonical electromechanical coupling paths in cardiac hERG potassium channel

Voltage-gated potassium channels are involved in many physiological processes such as nerve impulse transmission, the heartbeat, and muscle contraction. However, for many of them the molecular determinants of the gating mechanism remain elusive. Here, using a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches, we address this problem focusing on the cardiac hERG potassium channel. Network analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories reveals the presence of a kinematic chain of residues that couples the voltage sensor domain to the pore domain and involves the S4/S1 and S1/S5 subunit interfaces. Mutagenesis experiments confirm the role of these residues and interfaces in the activation and inactivation mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate the presence of an electromechanical transduction path crucial for the non-domain-swapped hERG channel gating that resembles the noncanonical path identified in domain-swapped K+ channels

Apoptotic effects on HL60 human leukaemia cells induced by lavandin essential oil treatment

Recent scientific investigations have reported a number of essential oils to interfere with intracellular signalling pathways and to induce apoptosis in different cancer cell types. In this paper, Lavandin Essential Oil (LEO), a natural sterile hybrid obtained by cross-breeding L. angustifolia × L. latifolia, was tested on human leukaemia cells (HL60). Based on the MTT results, the reduced cell viability of HL60 cells was further investigated to determine whether cell death was related to the apoptotic process. HL60 cells treated for 24 h with LEO were processed by flow cytometry, and the presence of Annexin V was measured. The activation of caspases-3 was evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence techniques. Treated cells were also examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to establish the possible occurrence of morphological alterations during the apoptotic process. LEO main compounds, such as linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, and terpinen-4-ol, were also investigated by MTT and flow cytometry analysis. The set of obtained results showed that LEO treatments induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent, but not time-dependent, manner on HL60 cells, while among LEO main compounds, both terpinen-4-ol and linalyl acetate were able to induce apoptosis

Two-steps versus one-step solidification pathways of binary metallic nanodroplet

The solidification of AgCo, AgNi, and AgCu nanodroplets is studied by molecular dynamics simulations in the size range of 2-8 nm. All these systems tend to phase separate in the bulk solid with surface segregation of Ag. Despite these similarities, the simulations reveal clear differences in the solidification pathways. AgCo and AgNi already separate in the liquid phase, and they solidify in configurations close to equilibrium. They can show a two-step solidification process in which Co-/Ni-rich parts solidify at higher temperatures than the Ag-rich part. AgCu does not separate in the liquid and solidifies in one step, thereby remaining in a kinetically trapped state down to room temperature. The solidification mechanisms and the size dependence of the solidification temperatures are analyzed, finding qualitatively different behaviors in AgCo/AgNi compared to AgCu. These differences are rationalized by an analytical model

Early thromboelastography in acute traumatic coagulopathy: an observational study focusing on pre-hospital trauma care

Background: Major brain injury and uncontrolled blood loss remain the primary causes of early trauma-related mortality. One-quarter to one-third of trauma patients exhibit trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and thrombelastography (TEG) are valuable alternatives to standard coagulation testing, providing a more comprehensive overview of the coagulation process. Purpose: Evaluating thromboelastographic profile, the incidence of fibrinolysis (defined as Ly30 > 3%) in severe trauma patients, and factors influencing pathological coagulation pattern. Methods: Prospective observational 2\ua0years cohort study on severe trauma patients assisted by Helicopter Emergency Medical System (HEMS) and Level 1 Trauma Center, in a tertiary referral University Hospital. Results: Eighty three patients were enrolled, mean NISS (new injury severity score) 36 (\ub1 13). Mean R value decreased from 7.25 (\ub1 2.6) to 6.19 (\ub1 2.5) min (p 40 groups, changes in R value increased their significance (p = 0.04 and p < 0.03, respectively). Pathological TEG was found in 71 (88.8%) patients at T0 and 74 (92.5%) at T1. Hypercoagulation was present in 57 (71.3%) patients at T0, and in 66(82.5%) at T1. 9 (11.3%) patients had hyperfibrinolysis at T0, 7 (8.8%) patients at T1. Prevalence of StO2 < 75% at T0 was greater in patients whose TEG worsened (7 patients, 46.7%) against whose TEG remained stable or improved (8 patients, 17.4%) from T0 to T1 (p = 0.02). 48 (57.8%) patients received < 1000\ua0mL of fluids, while 35 (42.2%) received 65 1000\ua0mL. The first group had fewer patients with hypercoagulation (20, 41.6%) than the second (6, 17.6%) at T1 (p < 0.03). No differences were found for same TEG pattern at T0, nor other TEG pattern. Conclusion: Our population is representative of a non-hemorrhagic severe injury subgroup. Almost all of our trauma population had coagulation abnormalities immediately after the trauma; pro-coagulant changes were the most represented regardless of the severity of injury. NISS appears to affect only R parameter on TEG. Hyperfibrinolysis has been found in a low percentage of patients. Hypoperfusion parameters do not help to identify patients with ongoing coagulation impairment. Small volume resuscitation and mild hypotermia does not affect coagulation, at least in the early post-traumatic phase