22 research outputs found

    Isoniazid therapy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV clinics, Los Angeles, California.

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    SettingPublicly funded human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinics in Los Angeles County, California, USA.BackgroundHIV-infected persons are a high priority group for targeted testing and treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the United States.ObjectiveTo describe rates of isoniazid (INH) initiation and completion among HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis co-infected persons in Los Angeles County.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional study using routinely collected surveillance data from publicly funded HIV clinics. We examined differences in INH treatment initiation and completion between four clinic categories: the three largest clinics (Clinics A, B, and C) and 'Other' clinics (pooled data for the remaining 10 clinics).ResultsDuring 2010-2013, 802 (5.3%) of 15 029 HIV-1-infected persons tested positive for M. tuberculosis infection. INH was initiated in 581 (72.4%) persons, of whom 457 (78.7%) completed treatment. We found significant differences between clinics in terms of treatment initiation (range 59.1-93.4%) and completion (range 58.8-82.3%). Overall, 57% (457/802) of HIV and M. tuberculosis co-infected persons completed the recommended treatment (range across clinics 34.8-76.3%).ConclusionWe identified significant gaps in the treatment for M. tuberculosis infection among HIV-infected persons in Los Angeles County. Interventions are needed to improve initiation and completion of treatment for M. tuberculosis infection in this population

    Prenatal Maternal Stress and the Risk of Lifetime Wheeze in Young Offspring: An Examination by Stressor and Maternal Ethnicity

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    Prenatal psychosocial stressors may increase the risk of wheeze in young offspring, yet little attention has been given to the effects that maternal ethnicity may have on this relationship. From a population-based cohort of 1193 children, we assessed the effect of maternal prenatal stressors on the risk of lifetime wheeze in young offspring. We further studied whether maternal Latina ethnicity modified these associations. The risk of wheeze in the offspring was increased from high levels of pregnancy anxiety (aRR 1.40, 95 % CI 1.07, 1.83), negative life events (aRR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.06, 1.75), or low paternal support (aRR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.02, 1.96). The risk of lifetime wheeze was stronger in the offspring of Latina mothers than of White mothers for these same stressors. Multiple maternal prenatal stressors are associated with increased risk of lifetime wheeze in young offspring, with slight effect modification by Latina ethnicity

    Correlates of Lifetime Trauma Exposure Among Pregnant Women from Cape Town, South Africa

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    A cross-sectional survey of 298 pregnant women from Cape Town, South Africa was conducted to examine socio-demographic, reproductive health, mental health, and relationship correlates of lifetime trauma exposure and whether these correlates vary as a function of age. Overall, 19.8% of participants reported trauma exposure. We found similarities and differences in correlates of trauma exposure among women in emerging adulthood and older women. Prior termination of pregnancy was associated with trauma exposure in both age groups. Difficulties in resolving arguments, lifetime substance use, and a prior sexually transmitted infection were associated with trauma exposure among women in emerging adulthood. In contrast, depression and awareness of substance abuse treatment programmes were associated with trauma exposure among older women. These findings highlight the need for interventions that prevent and treat trauma exposure among vulnerable women. Such interventions should be tailored to address the correlates of trauma exposure in each age group
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