Cavity Optomechanics with Ultra Cold Atoms in Synthetic Abelian and Non-Abelian Gauge Field

In this article we present a pedagogical discussion of some of the optomechanical properties of a high finesse cavity loaded with ultracold atoms in laser induced synthetic gauge fields of different types. Essentially, the subject matter of this article is an amalgam of two sub-fields of atomic molecular and optical (AMO) physics namely, the cavity optomechanics with ultracold atoms and ultracold atoms in synthetic gauge field. After providing a brief introduction to either of these fields we shall show how and what properties of these trapped ultracold atoms can be studied by looking at the cavity (optomechanical or transmission) spectrum. In presence of abelian synthetic gauge field we discuss the cold-atom analogue of Shubnikov de Haas oscillation and its detection through cavity spectrum. Then, in the presence of a non-abelian synthetic gauge field (spin-orbit coupling), we see when the electromagnetic field inside the cavity is quantized, it provides a quantum optical lattice for the atoms, leading to the formation of different quantum magnetic phases. We also discuss how these phases can be explored by studying the cavity transmission spectrum.Comment: Invited Review Article in the journal Ato

A study of market efficiency in the stock market, forex market and bullion market in India

This study suggests that, run test, which are based on signs of indices / rates, do not reject efficient market hypothesis in the case of all the three markets, whereas VR tests, which capture the variation in permanent component of the series as a ratio to the total variation, reject the efficient market hypothesis in the case of the gold markets. Efficient market hypothesis in the case of Stock markets, Forex markets and Silver markets cannot be rejected based on VR tests. Since VR tests are more powerful than the run tests, it can be inferred that stock markets, forex markets and silver markets were efficient compared with gold markets during Oct 2003 - Sept. 2004. Average run length analysis for all runs and positive runs indicate that the stock markets have a greater degree of efficiency than other markets. VR graph shows that the silver markets followed by stock markets and forex markets have greater degree of efficiency than gold market. Gold is observed to be the inefficient market compared with other market because the VR graph corresponding to gold markets runs further away from the unity. The above findings have interesting implication for policy. Absence of a large number of participants to influence movement in the prices can be the reasons for lower degree of efficiency in the Gold market. This might play an adverse effect in promoting industrialization and growth in our country in the long run. Thus while formulating appropriate policies, it may be of concern to policy makers to improve the efficiency of gold market by increasing the number of participants.VR tests; efficient market hypothesis ; efficiency

Constraints of Milk Production: A Study on Cooperative and Non-cooperative Dairy Farms in West Bengal

The constraints that cooperative and non-cooperative dairy farms face in expanding milk production have been reported based on a field study on some cooperative and non-cooperative dairy farms in the state of West Bengal. The study has shown that non-cooperative farms face major constraints and high severity compared with cooperative farms in expanding milk production. Also important is that most of the severe or more severe constraints are infrastructural in nature. The study has suggested that for expanding milk production, the expansion of cooperative dairy farms other than non-cooperative dairy farms may overcome most of these difficulties.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Milk marketing under cooperative and non-cooperative marketing channels: Evidence from west Bengal

The present study is an attempt to empirically investigate the price spread, marketing costs, marketing margins, marketing efficiency, and profit efficiency among market middlemen under cooperative and non-cooperative marketing channels in the domestic trade market of liquid milk in West Bengal. One of the important findings of this study is that, although the inter-market (and intramarket) price variation for liquid milk under the cooperative marketing agency in not far from uniformity, and all marketing agencies under cooperative channels receive much lower abnormal profit per unit of milk as compared with non-cooperative channels, the former fails to provide much economic benefit, either to the producer or to the consumer, because of the burden of much higher fixed cost per unit of liquid milk

Enrichment of Lassi by incorporation of peptides from whey protein concentrate

Lassi is a refreshing beverage which is widely consumed throughout our country by people of all age groups. It is a reservoir of nutrients which are easily assimilable by the human body. The current study was initiated to increase functionality of Lassi by incorporation of hydrolyzed whey proteins. A solution of 10% whey protein was hydrolyzed to 7 % degree of hydrolysis (DH) using Flavorzyme at 50 0C for 30 min. using 1:25 enzyme: substrate ratio. Calculated amount of cream and lactic acid were added to the hydrolyzate to bring the desired fat content and pH levels to that of Dahi. It was found that the hydrolyzate could be incorporated at 40 % v/v level in Dahi without causing any adverse effect on the sensory attributes of Lassi. It was found that addition of sugar @15% (w/w) of Lassi gave acceptable quality product. The average composition of optimized product was - 23.04 % TS, 3.78 % protein, 2.33 % fat, 0.49 % ash and 16.5 % total carbohydrates. The average composition of control Lassi was - 22.8 % TS, 1.77 % protein, 2.10% fat, 0.49 % ash and 18.44 % total carbohydrate. The presence of low molecular weight peptides in the optimized product using Tricine SDS-PAGE was confirmed. Enriched Lassi was found to have 79.67 % ACE inhibitory activity as opposed to 42.17 % activity in control sample. It was found that non-thermized enriched Lassi sample had a shelf life of 9 days at 5+2 0C compared to 14 days for thermized sample