Energy Efficient Mobile Sink Based Routing Model For Maximizing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network

Recently, wide adoption of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been seen for provision real-time and non-real-time application services. Provisioning these application service requires energy efficient routing design for WSN. Clustering technique is an efficient mechanism that plays a major role in minimizing energy dissipation of WSN. However, the existing model are designed considering minimizing energy consumption of sensor device considering homogenous. However, it incurs energy overhead among cluster head. Further, maximizing coverage time is not considered by exiting clustering approach considering heterogeneous network affecting lifetime performance. For overcoming issues of routing data packets in WSN, mobile sink has been used. Here, the sensor device will transmit packet in multihop fashion to the rendezvous and the mobile sink will move towards rendezvous points (RPs) to collect data, as opposed to all nodes. However, the exiting model designed so far incurs packet delay (latency) and energy (storage) overhead among sensor device. For overcoming research challenges, this work present energy efficient mobile sink based routing model for maximizing lifetime of wireless sensor network. Experiment are conducted to evaluate the performance of proposed model shows significant performance in terms of communication, routing overhead and lifetime of sensor network

A Survey on Review Based Recommendation System

The advances in internet technology have resulted in the generation of huge amount of data called as Big Data. Recommendation system is a widely used technique for the filtering the huge amount of data and providing recommendations to users according to their interest. Without taking previous user interest into consideration, the traditional recommender system does not provide efficient solutions to the users. In this paper, we introduce recommender system to solve the above-described problems. The proposed recommender system will take into consideration previous user’s interest and active user interest and by calculating similarity it will to provide recommendations to active user

Nutritional Values and Economics of Leguminous Blocks as Goat Feed

Rearing of ruminant animals i.e. sheep and goats, especially is hampered by the seasonal availability of good quality and quantity of feeds such that during the dry season months, the little available forage is of low quality. The consequences are weight loss, low birth weight, low resistance to disease and reduced animal performance (Fajemisin et al., 2010). One potential way for increasing the quality and availability of feeds for smallholder ruminant animals in the dry season may be through the use of fodder trees and shrub legumes. Leaf protein sources obtained in leaf vegetables, legume trees, fodder trees and shrubs as feed resources to all classes of livestock offer tremendous potentials (Aye and Adegun, 2013). As foliage of leguminous trees and bushes are a major source of protein for feeding goats, they are components of pasture and grazing lands. The leaf biomass from the trees and bushes is abundant during the wet season, but the quantity and quality of green biomass declines as the dry season progresses. It can be preserved in the form of leaf meals and by pressing into blocks/briquettes with/without incorporating other concentrate feed ingredients. Keeping quality can be increased and a market value can be obtained. These legume blocks could be fed to small ruminants like sheep and goats as protein supplements would improve the nutritive value of the low quality diets and supply main nutrients to goats as possible alternatives for farmers during the dry season. The main justification for using feed blocks to provide deficient nutrients is the convenience for packaging, storage, transport and ease of feeding. Information on simple method of legume blocks production, the benefits of incorporating various ingredients, minerals, additives in the blocks and nutritive values of legume blocks over the years of storage as a feed is not available under local conditions. The present study was carried out with an objective of determining the nutritive values and keeping quality of legume blocks prepared with different ingredients using simple technology as goat feed

Sublingual route for systemic drug delivery

Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a rapid onset of action and better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Sublingual literally meaning is “under the tongue”, administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability.  Sublingual technology is convenient for dosing in geriatric, pediatric and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. Sublingual drug delivery shows fast therapeutic action than orally ingested drugs with fewer side effects. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages, different sublingual Gland, sublingual formulation such as tablets, films drops, sprays etc, evaluation parameters. Keywords: Sublingual delivery, dysphagia, sublingual gland, improved bioavailability, evaluations

Deltamethrin Contact Exposure Mediated Toxicity and Histopathological Aberrations in Tissue Systems of Public Health Importance Cockroach Species Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica

Cockroach species Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica potentially survive in locations close to human activity. Besides spoiling food material, cockroaches also transfer pathogens of different diseases among human beings. Since the insecticides have been used extensively to control cockroaches, information on their insecticide susceptibility and toxicity at the cellular level may be crucial. In the study, deltamethrin toxicity as well as the deltamethrin-mediated cytomorphological changes in the brain, ovary and midgut of the two important cockroach species have been assessed. Different concentrations [0.00025% (0.0025 mg/ml), 0.0025% (0.025 mg/ml), 0.025% (0.25 mg/ml), 0.25% (2.5 mg/ml), 0.5% (5 mg/ml), 1% (10 mg/ml)] of deltamethrin in acetone were used to expose test species in WHO bottle assay. Knockdown was recorded after 5 min interval while delayed mortality was observed after 24 h. Brain, ovary and gut were dissected post 1 h exposure and 24 h holding (for 0.25, 0.5 and 1% concentration), and tissues were processed for microscopic analysis. Deltamethrin exposed cockroaches and dissected tissues were used to estimate deltamethrin using HPLC. At 0.00025% (lowest concentration), the percentage knock-down observed was 66.7% for P. americana and 80% B. germanica respectively (R2 = 0.78; p = 0.0001) in 1 h. KDT50 value was found to be 8.7 min (95% CI: 7.3–10.2), while KDT99 was 20.7 min (95% CI: 16.0–35.7) in P. americana at 1% concentration. Whereas, the KDT50 and KDT99 values for B. germanica were 7.4 min (95% CI: 5.4–9.1) and 27.4 min (95% CI: 18.2–80.0) at a similar concentration. LD50 and LD95 values (for 60 min standard exposure) were 0.0006% (95% CI: 0.00–0.001) and 0.034% (95% CI: 0.013–0.49) respectively for P. americana, while these values were 0.0005 (95% CI: 0.00–0.001) and 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01–0.23) for B. germanica. Exposure to 1% deltamethrin induced a considerable toxic effect in the epithelial cells in the midgut. HPLC estimated 0.21 ± 0.05 mg (95% CI: 0.18–0.25; CoV 23.9%) deltamethrin in P. americana post 1% exposure. Even short term exposure to a low concentration of synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin displayed immediate knockdown and delayed mortality in both the test species. Considerable histological damage was observed in both the insects at 1% exposure. In India, resistance to deltamethrin may have been reported among different insects due to its extensive use. However, the formulations such as insecticide paints, attractant baits etc. developed using deltamethrin as an active ingredient could be useful in cockroach control operations

Retrospective analysis of necropsy findings in patients of H1N1 and their correlation to clinical features

India reported its first case of H1N1 in July 2009 in Pune and since then, the number of reported cases and deaths exploded in India. Since very little data is available about histopathological findings in patients of H1N1 fatal cases in India, a retrospective chart analysis of necropsy findings of 15 cases of 2009 H1N1 fatal cases was performed. Common clinical features were fever, cough , and breathlessness followed by sore throat and rhinorrhea. Common lung findings were mononuclear cell infiltration, thick alveolar septae, intraalveolar hemorrhage . The other findings were congested pulmonary blood vessels, pulmonary edema, cytomegaly, fibrin accumulation and formation of eosinophilic membrane. These findings are suggestive of diffuse alveolar damage ( DAD) and DAD with hemorrhage. All patients who underwent necropsy had radiographic findings suggestive of unilobar or multilobar pneumonia. This clinical finding can be correlated pathologically in these patients as all of them had either polymorphonuclear or mononuclear infiltrate. Furthermore, necrotizing pneumonitis pattern seen on these patients is the likely cause of mortality in these patients. Although clinical ARDS pattern was noted in all these patients, it was well correlated in lung pathology in all these cases