The effect of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Leukemia

Background: Stem cells play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration due to their self-renewal properties. In recent years, the use of stem cells as an important and valuable treatment method has created a new hope for the treatment of diseases and disorders that were previously difficult to treat. In this review article, the introduction of stem cells and their capabilities for treatment, as well as the sources of stem cells and the use of these sources for the treatment of diseases, including the treatment of leukemia, have been discussed. Material and Methods: Extensive search in Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords related to the article and review of various articles published between 1957 and 2022 about stem cells and the use of these cells to treat diseases.  Results: Recently, it has been proven that hematopoietic stem cells can be produced from pluripotent embryonic stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells can make different blood cells. These findings help medical science in the treatment of various types of blood cancer. Also, during the conducted research, it has been determined that induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs) can be used in the treatment of various diseases, including leukemia.NOTCH, Wnt, TGF-B1 signaling pathways play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Evidence shows that cancer stem cells have a high ability to create tumors. The presence of cancer stem cells has been reported in some patients, including those with acute myeloid leukemia.Also, the results of research conducted in recent years show that the SALL4 gene can be used in the treatment of leukemia. Conclusions: The results of various researches show that treatment with stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, can be a suitable method for treating patients with leukemia

Neonatal isolation provokes hippocampal apoptosis and recognition memory impairment in rats

Neonatal isolation (NI) has detrimental consequences on the hippocampal neurons of rat neonates. It has been reported to enhance neuronal cell death and impair memory behaviors. We conducted this study to assess the effects of NI on hippocampal apoptosis and recognition memory impairment in the hippocampus of rat neonates. One group of male Wistar rat neonates exposed to NI; rat neonates reared with 1-hour neonatal isolation (NI) for eight consecutive days (P2-P9). On the other hand, the control group reared normally. Novel object recognition test (NOR) test used to evaluate the effects of NI on recognition memory impairment. On day 22 (P22), a TUNEL assay was done. NOR demonstrated that rat neonates who experienced NI had long-term memory deficits (P<0.01). TUNEL assay results showed that NI increased the number of TUNEL positive neurons in CA1, CA3, and DG subfields of the hippocampus (P<0.05, P<0.001, and P<0.001). The present results indicated that NI exerted apoptotic effect and induced recognition memory impairment in the rat neonate’s hippocampus

Neonatal Isolation Provokes Hippocampal Apoptosis and Recognition Memory Impairment in Rats

Neonatal isolation (NI) has detrimental consequences on the hippocampal neurons of rat neonates. It has been reported to enhance neuronal cell death and impair memory behaviors. We conducted this study to assess the effects of NI on hippocampal apoptosis and recognition memory impairment in the hippocampus of rat neonates. One group of male Wistar rat neonates exposed to NI; rat neonates reared with 1-hour neonatal isolation (NI) for eight consecutive days (P2-P9). On the other hand, the control group reared normally. Novel object recognition test (NOR) test used to evaluate the effects of NI on recognition memory impairment. On day 22 (P22), a TUNEL assay was done. NOR demonstrated that rat neonates who experienced NI had long-term memory deficits (P<0.01). TUNEL assay results showed that NI increased the number of TUNEL positive neurons in CA1, CA3, and DG subfields of the hippocampus (P<0.05, P<0.001, and P<0.001). The present results indicated that NI exerted apoptotic effect and induced recognition memory impairment in the rat neonate's hippocampus

RNA Editing and Its Application in Medicine

Background & objectives: One of the functions of RNA editing is to change the RNA sequence without changing the genomic DNA sequence and changing the fate of cellular RNA. Therefore, studying the clinical application of RNA editing for targeted therapies is necessary. Methods: All articles related to the subject of the study were searched in the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar database. Results: The changes that occur within the RNA editing are A to I base replacement by adenosine deaminase (ADAR) on RNA and C to U replacement by the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide1 (APOBEC1). Recently, the role of RNA editing in human diseases has been reported. Conclusion: RNA editing can be used as a new strategy to identify new disease biomarkers and more personalized treatments for various diseases

Bio-Inspired Dynamic Trust and Congestion-Aware Zone-Based Secured Internet of Drone Things (SIoDT)

The Internet of Drone Things (IoDT) is a trending research area where drones are used to gather information from ground networks. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), such as congestion issues, security issues, and energy consumption, drones were introduced into the IoV, which is termed drone-assisted IoV. Due to the unique characteristics of the IoV, such as dynamic mobility and unsystematic traffic patterns, the performance of the network is reduced in terms of delay, energy consumption, and overhead. Additionally, there is the possibility of the existence of various attackers that disturb the traffic pattern. In order to overcome this drawback, the drone-assisted IoV was developed. In this paper, the bio-inspired dynamic trust and congestion-aware zone-based secured Internet of Drone Things (BDTC-SIoDT) is developed, and it is mainly divided into three sections. These sections are dynamic trust estimation, congestion-aware community construction, and hybrid optimization. Initially, through the dynamic trust estimation process, triple-layer trust establishment is performed, which helps to protect the network from all kinds of threats. Secondly, a congestion-aware community is created to predict congestion and to avoid it. Finally, hybrid optimization is performed with the combination of ant colony optimization (ACO) and gray wolf optimization (GWO). Through this hybrid optimization technique, overhead occurs during the initial stage of transmission, and the time taken by vehicles to leave and join the cluster is reduced. The experimentation is performed using various threats, such as flooding attack, insider attack, wormhole attack, and position falsification attack. To analyze the performance, the parameters that are considered are energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, packet loss, and throughput. The outcome of the proposed BDTC-SIoDT is compared with earlier research works, such as LAKA-IOD, NCAS-IOD, and TPDA-IOV. The proposed BDTC-SIoDT achieves high performance when compared with earlier research works