Stock Market Response to Policy Announcement: Evidence from Banking Sector of Pakistan

Monetary policy announcement is important decision which affects the economy. The aim of this study is to identify the impact of monetary policy announcement on stock market in Pakistan for financial year 2014-2015. This is the unique year for studying the impact of announcement on bank’s stock prices, as interest rate has been changed in 4 monetary policies while it remained stable in other announcements. This specific feature can help to uncover the phenomenon. Event study approach has been used to analyze the impact of policy announcement on stock returns. The event window of 15 days is constructed with -7 (pre announcement days) and +7(post announcement days) while 0 is the event day. All commercial banks is the population of study and sample size of 14 commercial banks listed in KSE 100 index. Around the event window, abnormal returns calculated by taking difference of actual return and expected return. Market model is used to calculate the expected returns. Aggregated abnormal return AAR and cumulative abnormal returns CAAR are calculated to find the impact with in event window and across the events window. The results show significant impact of all monetary policy announcements on banks stock returns. Keywords: Monetary Policy Announcement, Stock Return, Event Study, Banking Sector, KSE 100 Inde

Hubungan Faktor Determinan dengan Kejadian Tifoid di Indonesia Tahun 2007

Typhoid is an abdominal infectious diseases caused by Salmonella typhii. The Typhus more popular name called Typhus Abdominalis, Typhoid fever or Enteric fever. The Profile of disease control and healthy environment in 2006 reported that typhoid was to be publich health\u27s problem. The cases of morbidity and mortality rate from typhoid was 500 per 100.000 people, and fatality rate was 65%. The objective of this study is to find prevalence of typhoid and the relatied with several determinants in Indonesia. This study used cross-sectional design with descriptive analysis on relation of determinant factors to typhoid prevalence in Indonesia in 2007. The research sample is all sample who answered quesioner about Typhus. Collected data with direct quesioner. Determinant factor in analisis are individual karacteristic, demografi status, economy status, and environment. The result shown prevalency of clinical Typhoid about 1,5%, with range prevalence (0,4% - 2,6%). Dominant factor in Typhoid morbidity has 13 variable, which are sex variable with OR = 1,142 on male group, in age group The highest OR higher was on 1-14 years that was 1,449 (1,164-1,804)). The education variable who unfinishes from elementary school have OR =1,746 , responden who have child under five 5 years more than five child in their home have OR = 3,368, variable area according to island in Indonesia, NTT and NTB were OR = 1,052, Variable area according to administration area have OR = 1,283 (1,169-1,410) on rural side. The length of time to acces proffesional health service have OR = 1,420 on group who have time to acces was long, and the length of time to acces community health service have OR =1,226 for time long to acces, and water sufficienty OR= 1,273 for responden have not water sufficient, variable of the soil source around drinking water resource OR = 1,097, and the variable of the water quality bad have OR = 1,401, variable of having a garbage place have OR= 1,180 on responden didn\u27t have a garbage place, and the last was variable of having the waste pipeline in responden home, group responden didn\u27t have waste pipeline in home have OR = 1,098 . The result shown prevalency of clinical typhoid about 1,5%, with range prevalency (0,4% -2,6%). Dominan factors on the typhoid morbidity there were 13 factors which are 1. sex variable, 2. age variable, 3. consist of Child under five years in family 4. education variable, 5. area\u27s according island 6. administration area variable 7. length of time to acces to profesional health service 8. length of time to acces to profesional health inter grated health care post, 9. variable with water sufficiency, 10. variable of soil source paround drinking water source, 11. variable of water quality, 12. variable with having a garbage place, 13. variable of having the waste pipeline in responden home

An overview of Customer Relationship Management Software in Business Organizations

The aim of the article is to present details of the research on focus on the customer in relation to the utilization of the customer relationship management computerized system in business organization. Customer relationship management (CRM) plays a central role in the growth and success of corporations in an environment of fast technological development and the extensive competition currently in evidence. CRM empowers corporations with better customer awareness and helps to construct sustainable relationships with customers. People, technology, and processes are the three basic components of CRM. In order to ensure the successful implementation and adoption of the CRMinitiative, this paper presents a detailed review of the literature relating to CRM processes and its computerized system. Various types and levels of the CRM process as well as an understanding of the different perspectives of CRM are presented in this review. The paper suggests that it is important for an organization to understand the four major perspectives of CRM processes i.e. customer facing level processes, customer oriented processes, cross functional CRM processes and CRM macro-level processes. A survey is also conducted in this paper and a chi square test is performed to test the hypothesis relatingto the efficiency of customer relationship management and the client relationship it offers. Results show that the hypothesis is statistically significant

The Challenges Faced By Dental Students in Studying Oral Pathology Online During Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVES The way of practising and teaching dentistry has changed significantly worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact on dental education should not be neglected. Therefore, sharing experiences about online teaching from in-person education is essential to a better learning process during this period. This study aimed to assess the challenges faced by dental students in studying oral pathology online during covid-19: a cross-sectional study. METHODOLOGY It was a descriptive cross-sectional study in the Department of oral pathology at Altamash Institute of dental medicine to assess the challenges students faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 110 participants were approached, and among them, 105 participants responded. Of 105 participants, 78% were females, and 22% were males. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.RESULTSAlmost 93.3% of the students felt in-person lectures are more effective than online lectures. Fourth-year students showed higher satisfaction with the number of online tutorial / practical classes taken to provide an in-depth view of the subject than 3rd year students (8.8% vs 91.2%, p=0.045). Fourth-year students showed significantly higher satisfaction with several online theory classes to provide an in-depth view of the subject than 3rd year students (p=0.045). CONCLUSION The present study concluded that most students prefer in person classes over virtual learning and face a lack of online interaction with the faculty.

Changes in Poultry Handling Behavior and Poultry Mortality Reporting among Rural Cambodians in Areas Affected by HPAI/H5N1

BACKGROUND: Since 2004, 21 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in domestic poultry and eight human cases have been confirmed in Cambodia. As a result, a large number of avian influenza education campaigns have been ongoing in provinces in which H5N1outbreaks have occurred in humans and/or domestic poultry. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Data were collected from 1,252 adults >15 years old living in two southern provinces in Cambodia where H5N1 has been confirmed in domestic poultry and human populations using two cross-sectional surveys conducted in January 2006 and in November/December 2007. Poultry handling behaviors, poultry mortality occurrence and self-reported notification of suspect H5N1 poultry cases to animal health officials in these two surveys were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that although some at risk practices have declined since the first study, risky contact with poultry is still frequent. Improved rates of reporting poultry mortality were observed overall, but reporting to trained village animal health workers decreased by approximately 50%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although some improvements in human behavior have occurred, there are still areas--particularly with respect to the handling of poultry among children and the proper treatment of poultry and the surrounding household environment--that need to be addressed in public health campaigns. Though there were some differences in the sampling methods of the 2006 and 2007 surveys, our results illustrate the potential to induce considerable, potentially very relevant, behavioral changes over a short period of time

Hypoglycemia Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring Is Associated with Preclinical Atherosclerosis in Individuals with Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Hypoglycemia is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular adverse clinical outcomes. There is evidence that impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Whether IGT individuals have asymptomatic hypoglycemia under real-life conditions that are related to early atherosclerosis is unknown. To this aim, we measured episodes of hypoglycemia during continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM) and evaluated their relationship with early manifestation of vascular atherosclerosis in glucose tolerant and intolerant individuals. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in 79 non-diabetic subjects. Each individual underwent continuous glucose monitoring for 72 h. Cardiovascular risk factors and ultrasound measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were evaluated. IGT individuals had a worse cardiovascular risk profile, including higher IMT, and spent significantly more time in hypoglycemia than glucose-tolerant individuals. IMT was significantly correlated with systolic (r = 0.22; P = 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.28; P = 0.01), total (r = 0.26; P = 0.02) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0.27; P = 0.01), 2-h glucose (r = 0.39; P<0.0001), insulin sensitivity (r = −0.26; P = 0.03), and minutes spent in hypoglycemia (r = 0.45; P<0.0001). In univariate analyses adjusted for gender, minutes spent in hypoglycemia were significantly correlated with age (r = 0.26; P = 0.01), waist circumference (r = 0.33; P = 0.003), 2-h glucose (r = 0.58; P<0.0001), and 2-h insulin (r = 0.27; P = 0.02). In a stepwise multivariate regression analysis, the variables significantly associated with IMT were minutes spent in hypoglycemia (r2 = 0.252; P<0.0001), and ISI index (r2 = 0.089; P = 0.004), accounting for 34.1% of the variation. Episodes of hypoglycemia may be considered as a new potential cardiovascular risk factor for IGT individuals