The Dynamics of the Chinese Business Practice and the Local Elites Behavior: The Legacy of Pseudo-Capitalism in Indonesia’s Local Development

The evolution of the Chinese business activities in several Southeast Asian (SEA) countries such as Indonesia, The Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia is rather difficult to separate from the influence of the state policies and the behavior of political elites. In Indonesia, the relationship of the Chinese businessmen, particularly in big business activities with Suharto regime, known as ‘Orde Baru’ (New Order), shows a model of patron-client behavior and crony capitalism networks. The accommodation, protection, and access provided by the regime has led to the economic capitalization of the Chinese business in Indonesia. In fact, the relationship between Chinese business and New Order’s regime is mutually beneficial and very tight. After the fall of the New Order regime in 1998, the political system in Indonesia became more open and decentralized (locally known as ‘Otonomi Daerah’ or Regional Autonomy). This shows the important role of the local government in making decision particularly in terms of economy sector and infrastructure development’s project. The paper aims at three folds: first is to discuss the pattern of the Chinese ethnic business activities in post-New Order regime and its impact to the local development. Second, to discuss to what extent the Chinese business practice particularly in real-estate or property sector influenced by the local elites behavior. Third is to discuss whether the patron-client relationship and crony capitalism behavior in the local context between Chinese businessmen with local elite occurred as in the Suharto’s era or not. The findings show that the pattern of the Chinese business in post-Suharto’s Indonesia in several business sectors (medium and medium-large businesses) sometimes still rely on the use of networks with local elites. The local government faced a ‘complex dilemma’ in term of development projects, where basically requires substantial capital from big companies, then they often violated the laws to accelerate the development projects. The patron-client networks and crony capitalism vaguely occurred among the Chinese businessmen and local elite. However, the level of their closeness is not too visible as in the Suharto’s era. In other circumstances, the Chinese businessmen also become superior actors, while the local elites only become inferior actor, because the companies actually seemed to be able to control the government decision indirectly

The Relevancy of the ‘Guanxi ‘and ‘Xinyong’ Concepts in Chinese Business Capitalization in Indonesia

The concepts of ‘guanxi’ (relationships and networking) and ‘xinyong’ (interpersonal trust) in Chinese traditional ethics are often studied as the key factors that contribute to the pattern and succession of the ethnic Chinese in business practices which are based on the cultural approach.In the context of Southeast Asia such as in Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, the ethnic Chinese are one of the minority groups whose profession is dominantly that of a businessman or an entrepreneur.As stated in the literature, even though the ethnic Chinese are classified as a minority group in those countries, some of the Chinese capitalist groups had controlled 70-80% of the private business sector. However, these two traditional concepts are not the only main factors of the Chinese business success, but the ‘irregular’ business pattern such as the patronage relationship with political elites also becomes the most important criteria. Hence, this study needed to re-examine and clarify whether the implementation of the guanxi and xinyong concepts in Chinese business activities are still relevant in their business practice due to the political connection in the Chinese business succession also being a dominant variable.This study was based on a fieldwork conducted in Indonesia especially in Medan City of Indonesia and used the descriptive qualitative method through interviews and library research. This aim of this study were three fold: the first was to discuss the relevance of the guanxi and xinyong concept in Chinese business practices, the second was to discuss whether the Chinese business practices were more influenced by a formal community organization or rather influenced by an informal network among Chinese businessmen through guanxi and xinyong bases, third, this study also discussed the challenges faced by the Chinese in attempting their business interests

THE INFLUENCE OF CELEBRITY ENDORSE, WORD OF MOUTH AND BRAND IMAGE ON INTEREST IN BUYING CIMORY YOGURT ON THE TIKTOK APPLICATION IN BANDUNG

<p>Abstract</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of celebrity endors, word of mouh and brand image on interest in buying cimory yogurt on the tiktok application in Bandung at PT Cisarua Mountain Dairy Tbk.  This study uses quantitative descriptive method, the population in this study is the community in Bandung.   Determination of population and sample using the cochar formula so that it gets a total of 385 respondents, research data is analyzed using descriptive analysis, and verifiative analysis and data analysis techniques using statistical applications in the form of SPSS 25. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the variables celebrity endors, word of mouth, brand image and buying interest had a very high average value. Furthermore, the study had a significant influence between the independent variable and the dependent variable, significant values for the variables celebrity endors, word of mouth, brand image and buying interest were 0.01 and 0.00 respectively so that < 0.05 means (H1) (H2) and (H3) accepted, with the conclusion of celebrity endors, word of mouh and brand image Has a significant influence on the interest in buying cimory yogurt partially. Then the simultaneous significant test (F test) was 0.00 < 0.05 meaning (H4) was accepted, with celebrity endors, word of mouh and brand image having a significant influence on interest in buying cimory yogurt simultaneously.</p&gt

Public Awareness and Practices Towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics Among Malaysian Population: Questionnaire Development and Pilot Testing

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