توظيف المدخل الاتصالي الثقافي في تصميم وحدات دراسية للناطقين بغير العربية

تهدف هذه الورقة إلى توظيف المدخل الاتِّصاليّ الثَّقافيّ في تصميم وحدات دراسيَّة للنَّاطقين بغير العربية، لما في ذلك من أهميَّة في تحقيق الاتِّصال النَّاجح، وفهم الثَّقافات الإسلاميَّة، والعربيَّة في سياقها الاجتماعيّ عند اكتساب لغة الهدف. فقد اتفق جميع اللُّغويين على أنَّ اللُّغة وسيلة للتَّعبير عن الحاجات الإنسانيَّة، وذلك بتوظيف الكفاية الاتِّصاليَّة، والكفاية الثَّقافيَّة في المواقف الاجتماعيَّة للغة الخطاب؛ لذلك يدور فلك هذه الورقة حول توضيح مفهوم المدخل الاتِّصالي في تعليم اللُّغة، وبيان أهميته، وخصائصه، وكذلك توضيح مفهوم المدخل الثَّقافي، ودوره في تعليم اللُّغة، ثم الرَّبط بينهما بوصفهما مدخلا واحدًا لا يمكن الفصل بينهما عند تعليم اللُّغة للنَّاطقين بغير العربيَّة. كما ستتناول الورقة باستخدام المنهج الوصفي الاستقرائي توضيح مفهوم التَّصميم، والوحدات الدراسيَّة، ثم بيان أسس تصميم الوحدات الدراسية، ومعايير بنائها. وباستخدام المنهج البنائيّ سيتم بناء نموذج مقترح لوحدة دراسيَّة من منطلق المدخل الاتِّصاليّ الثَّقافيّ

High Sustained Virologic Response Rates of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in Patients With Dosing Interruption or Suboptimal Adherence

INTRODUCTION: Pangenotypic, all-oral direct-acting antivirals, such as glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P), are recommended for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Concerns exist about the impact on efficacy in patients with suboptimal adherence, particularly with shorter treatment durations. These post hoc analyses evaluated adherence (based on pill count) in patients prescribed 8- or 12-week G/P, the impact of nonadherence on sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12), factors associated with nonadherence, and efficacy in patients interrupting G/P treatment. METHODS: Data were pooled from 10 phase 3 clinical trials of treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype 1-6 without cirrhosis/with compensated cirrhosis (treatment adherence analysis) and 13 phase 3 clinical trials of all patients with HCV (interruption analysis). RESULTS: Among 2,149 patients included, overall mean adherence was 99.4%. Over the treatment duration, adherence decreased (weeks 0-4: 100%; weeks 5-8: 98.3%; and weeks 9-12: 97.1%) and the percentage of patients with ≥80% or ≥90% adherence declined. SVR12 rate in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population was 97.7% (modified ITT SVR12 99.3%) and remained high in nonadherent patients in the modified ITT population (<90%: 94.4%-100%; <80%: 83.3%-100%). Psychiatric disorders were associated with <80% adherence, and shorter treatment duration was associated with ≥80% adherence. Among 2,902 patients in the interruption analysis, 33 (1.1%) had a G/P treatment interruption of ≥1 day, with an SVR12 rate of 93.9% (31/33). No virologic failures occurred. DISCUSSION: These findings support the impact of treatment duration on adherence rates and further reinforce the concept of "treatment forgiveness" with direct-acting antivirals.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Peginterferon Alfa-2b or Alfa-2a with Ribavirin for Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection

Background Treatment guidelines recommend the use of peginterferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2a in combination with ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, these regimens have not been adequately compared. Methods At 118 sites, patients who had HCV genotype 1 infection and who had not previously been treated were randomly assigned to undergo 48 weeks of treatment with one of three regimens: peginterferon alfa-2b at a standard dose of 1.5 μg per kilogram of body weight per week or a low dose of 1.0 μg per kilogram per week, plus ribavirin at a dose of 800 to 1400 mg per day, or peginterferon alfa-2a at a dose of 180 μg per week plus ribavirin at a dose of 1000 to 1200 mg per day. We compared the rate of sustained virologic response and the safety and adverse-event profiles between the peginterferon alfa-2b regimens and between the standard-dose peginterferon alfa- 2b regimen and the peginterferon alfa-2a regimen. Results Among 3070 patients, rates of sustained virologic response were similar among the regimens: 39.8% with standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, 38.0% with low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, and 40.9% with peginterferon alfa-2a (P=0.20 for standarddose vs. low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b; P=0.57 for standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b vs. peginterferon alfa-2a). Estimated differences in response rates were 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], −2.3 to 6.0) between standard-dose and low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b and −1.1% (95% CI, −5.3 to 3.0) between standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b and peginterferon alfa-2a. Relapse rates were 23.5% (95% CI, 19.9 to 27.2) for standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, 20.0% (95% CI, 16.4 to 23.6) for lowdose peginterferon alfa-2b, and 31.5% (95% CI, 27.9 to 35.2) for peginterferon alfa- 2a. The safety profile was similar among the three groups; serious adverse events were observed in 8.6 to 11.7% of patients. Among the patients with undetectable HCV RNA levels at treatment weeks 4 and 12, a sustained virologic response was achieved in 86.2% and 78.7%, respectively. Conclusions In patients infected with HCV genotype 1, the rates of sustained virologic response and tolerability did not differ significantly between the two available peginterferon– ribavirin regimens or between the two doses of peginterferon alfa-2b. (ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT00081770.

Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common type of chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis. Obeticholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, has been shown to improve the histological features of NASH. Here we report results from a planned interim analysis of an ongoing, phase 3 study of obeticholic acid for NASH. Methods In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adult patients with definite NASH,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score of at least 4, and fibrosis stages F2–F3, or F1 with at least oneaccompanying comorbidity, were randomly assigned using an interactive web response system in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive oral placebo, obeticholic acid 10 mg, or obeticholic acid 25 mg daily. Patients were excluded if cirrhosis, other chronic liver disease, elevated alcohol consumption, or confounding conditions were present. The primary endpointsfor the month-18 interim analysis were fibrosis improvement (≥1 stage) with no worsening of NASH, or NASH resolution with no worsening of fibrosis, with the study considered successful if either primary endpoint was met. Primary analyses were done by intention to treat, in patients with fibrosis stage F2–F3 who received at least one dose of treatment and reached, or would have reached, the month 18 visit by the prespecified interim analysis cutoff date. The study also evaluated other histological and biochemical markers of NASH and fibrosis, and safety. This study is ongoing, and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02548351, and EudraCT, 20150-025601-6. Findings Between Dec 9, 2015, and Oct 26, 2018, 1968 patients with stage F1–F3 fibrosis were enrolled and received at least one dose of study treatment; 931 patients with stage F2–F3 fibrosis were included in the primary analysis (311 in the placebo group, 312 in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 308 in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). The fibrosis improvement endpoint was achieved by 37 (12%) patients in the placebo group, 55 (18%) in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group (p=0·045), and 71 (23%) in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group (p=0·0002). The NASH resolution endpoint was not met (25 [8%] patients in the placebo group, 35 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group [p=0·18], and 36 [12%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group [p=0·13]). In the safety population (1968 patients with fibrosis stages F1–F3), the most common adverse event was pruritus (123 [19%] in the placebo group, 183 [28%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 336 [51%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group); incidence was generally mild to moderate in severity. The overall safety profile was similar to that in previous studies, and incidence of serious adverse events was similar across treatment groups (75 [11%] patients in the placebo group, 72 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 93 [14%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). Interpretation Obeticholic acid 25 mg significantly improved fibrosis and key components of NASH disease activity among patients with NASH. The results from this planned interim analysis show clinically significant histological improvement that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. This study is ongoing to assess clinical outcomes

“Applying an instructional design model on designing online lessons for Malaysian students enrolled in Arab universities”

عند النَّظر إلى اﳌﺼﺎدر التعليمية والدِّراسات البحثيَّة يُكشف لنا عن قلة اﺳـــﺘﺨﺪام اﳊﺎﺳـــﻮب ﰲ تعلم اللغات اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴـــَّﺔ بشكل عام، وتعليم اللغة العربيَّة بشكل خاص، على الرغم من أنَّ كثيرًا من الدِّراسات التَّربوية بيَّنت أهميَّة استعمال الحاسوب في العمليَّة التَّعليميَّة، فالتَّعليم باستخدام البرمجيَّات والمناهج التي أعدت خصِّيصًا للتَّعلم من خلال القرص المدمج أو ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ الإنترنيت ما زالت تحتاج إلى اهتمام كبير من قبل المتخصِّصين في تعليم العربيَّة للنَّاطقين بغيرها. لذا يدور فلك هذا البحث في تصميم دروس إلكترونيَّة للطَّلبة الماليزيين الملتحقين بالجامعة العربية، حيث سيصمم موقع خاص لإدخال هذه الدروس لتكون نموذجا عمليا للطلبة الماليزيين الذين يلتحقون بالدراسة في الجامعات العربية. ويتوفر في هذه الدروس المعايير والمواصفات التي يجب أن تتوفر في المادَّة التَّعليميَّة الإلكترونيَّة، وإثراءها بالمشاهد التَّمثيليَّة، والأصوات وأفلام الفيديو، والتَّدريبات والأنشطة والاختبارات التَّفاعليَّة التي تحقق تعلمًا أكثر كفاءة، وتجعل تعلم العربيَّة لغير النَّاطقين بها تعلمًا ممتعًا سهلاً

توظيف المدخل الاتِّصالي الثَّقافي في تصميم وحدات دراسيَّة للنَّاطقين بغير العربية

Using cultural communicative approach in designing lesson units for non Arabic speaker