THE SUPERSTRING THEORY AND THE SHAPE OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

According to “Superstring Theory”, the electron and proton are made of similar tiny supersymmetric strings (Gefter, 2007; Green, Schwarz, & Witten, 2012; Schwarz, 1982; Sharma, 2010). In this paper we introduce a sample particle that is such tiny supersymmetric string or made of it and also we use scientific achievements of experiments about electron and proton specifications to verify and compare the electron and proton dimensions and masses with this sample. By using logical reasons, we reject one of the methods of measuring of electrons’ radius. Finally, using simple mathematical formulas, we prove that although the electrons and protons are both spherical, but one is hollow and the other is dense

A New Explanation for the Color Variety of Photons

This new explanation is based on Wave-Particle Duality and Newtonian Laws and represents a unique definition of a three-dimensional motion for the photon, whose dual behavior is partly explained by the double-slit experiment of Thomas Young, who represents the photon's motion as a wave, and by the Photoelectric effect, in which the photon is considered as a particle. However, for scientists, the photon's true motion is unclear. In this article, we define a new type of motion for photons to solve both this ambiguity and the difficulty of presenting a three-dimensional trajectory for the photon's motion, and present a new formula to calculate its energy. In addition, because we believe in the helical motion of photons, where r is the gyroradius, we believe that their color is an effect of the order of magnitude of r. We present real examples that prove our energy formula

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ULTRAFINE-GRAINED COPPER TUBE PRODUCED BY SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION

In this paper, cyclic flaring and sinking (CFS) as a new severe plastic deformation (SPD) method was employed to produce the ultrafine grain (UFG) copper tubes. The extra friction has eliminated in the CFS method that provided the possibility for production of longer UFG tubes compared to the other SPD methods. This process was done periodically to apply more strain and consequently finer grain size and better mechanical properties. The CFS was performed successfully on pure copper tubes up to eleven cycles. Mechanical properties of the initial and processed tubes were extracted from tensile tests in the different cycles. The remarkable increase in strength and decrease in ductility take placed in the CFS-ed tubes. The material flow behavior during CFS processing was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), and a model was presented for grain refinement mechanism of pure copper based on multiplication and migration of dislocations (MMD). This mechanism caused that the initial grains converts to elongated dislocation cells (subgrains) and then to equiaxed ultrafine grains in the higher cycles. The CFS method refined the microstructure to fine grains with the mean grain size of 1200nm from initial coarse grain size of 40µ

Diazinon alters sex hormones, Interferon-gamma, Interleukin-4 and 10 in male Wistar rats

Background and Objective: Agricultural toxins including organochlorine and organophosphorus families cause damages in the various tissues in humans. Diazinon is a non-systemic organophosphate insecticide. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Diazinon on sex hormone, interferon gamma, interleukin-4 and 10 in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Three experimental groups were received Diazinon 5 days per week for one month at 0.3, 3 and 30 mg/kg/bw intraperitoneally, while controls received nothing. Seven days after the last injection, blood samples were obtained and the serum testosterone, FSH, LH, interferon gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 were measured. Results: Serum level of Interleukin-10 significantly increased in experimental group (30 mg/kg/bw of Diazinon) compared to controls (P<0.05). Serum level of Interleukin-10 significantly decreased in 0.3 mg/kg/bw and 3mg/kg/bw of Diazinon groups compared to controls (P<0.05). Interleukin-4 level was only significant in the group receiving 30 mg/kg/bw of Diazinon (P<0.05). Reduction in interferon-gamma level was not significant between control and experimental groups. FSH significantly reduced in the three experimental groups in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Testosterone level was significantly increased in experimental groups compared to control (P<0.05). Conclusion: Diazinon increases interleukin-10 and testosterone and reduces FSH hormone in the rat

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of anemia among pregnant Iranian women (2005 - 2015)

Context: Anemia is a common, global health problem that has short-term and long-term effects during pregnancy. Several studies have been conducted on the prevalence of anemia among pregnant Iranian women in the last 10 years (2005-2015). The current study evaluated the prevalence of anemia among pregnant Iranian women in this time period. EvidenceAcquisition: Thecurrent study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviewsandmeta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Searches for relevant literature were conducted on scientific databases such as the Iranian journal database (Magiran), Iranian biomedical journal database (IranMedex), the scientific information database (SID), global medical article Limberly (Medlib), IranDoc, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of Science, Wiley online library, and Google Scholar. All population-based studiesandnational surveys that reportedonthe prevalence of anemiaamongpregnant Iranianwomenpublished between January 1st, 2005 and December 31st, 2015 were included. All related articles were considered based on inclusion criteria. Using a random effects model, data were analyzed through STATA software (ver.11.1). Results: Eighteen articles with a combined sample size of 51,521 were investigated. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant Iranian women was estimated at 17.9 (CI: 95; 14.7 - 21.1). The highest and lowest percentages were reported in Iran’s central (24.9) and western (6.3) parts, respectively. The prevalence of anemia among rural (17.6) and urban (22.1) pregnant Iranian women was also determined. Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia among pregnant Iranian women has increased in the last 10 years. Therefore, appropriate intervention plans, including training in proper nutrition during pregnancy and training in the correct use of iron, vitamins, and folic acid supplements, should be arranged and performed in prenatal clinics or before marriage. © 2016, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences