Assessment of Chicken Production, Marketing and Socio-Economic Situations in Some Selected Districts of Gambella Region, Ethiopia

The present study was conducted in Gambella region of south west Ethiopia to assess the chicken production, marketing and socio-economic characteristics in some selected districts of the region. The study was conducted in selected districts that were based on accessibility criteria’s and potentially to represent the region. The study involved under field conditions by using semi structured questionnaires for focus group discussions and key informant interviews. From four districts atotal of 384 farmers those have indigenous chickens (96 from each districts) were considered. Mean age of the respondents in the districts were 39.72±0.14 at Lare, 43.29±0.12 at Abobo, 42.18±0.15 at Gambella Ketema Zuria and 43.31±0.13 at Itang special districts. The family size per interviewed households (HHs), respectively was 6.21 ± 0.17, 5.43 ± 0.16, 5.11 ± 0.15 and 5.65 ± 0.12. Almost all the respondents indicated that broodiness characteristics were common in their flock in which 79(82.29%) in Itang especial district, 77(80.21%) in Abobo, 75(78.13%) in Lare and 88(91.67%) in Gambella Ketema zuria districts. The mode of transportation of chickens to the market were mainly by hand usually embracing (69.01%) and hanging the chicken downward (30.99 %). According to the interviewed farmers, a comparative higher price of Birr 180.50±0.75 and Birr 130.50±2.50 per birds were given for matured cocks and matured female hens, respectively during holidays and Birr 150.25±0.50 and Birr 120.55±0.73 per birds were given for matured cocks and matured female hens at regular time, respectively. Disease and shortage of feed were the first two major constraints in village chicken production, ranked first, and second, respectively in the study area. Generally, there are factors, including chicken management practices on housing, feed and feeding and market channel need improvement, which makes differences in chickens’ production and marketing situation in the study area, which suggests that there is an opportunity to improve poultry production and marketing in the future. Keywords: Marketing, Poultry production, Selected districts, Socio economics. DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/70-04 Publication date:August 31st 202

Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used by EFL Students: the Case of 11th Grade High and Low Achievers at Jorgo Nole Preparatory School

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to identify vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs) used by high and low achievers. Accordingly, a questionnaire and, an interview were designed by adapting Schmitt's (1997) VLSs questionnaire to carry out this study. Fifty four respondents (27 high achievers and 27 low achievers) who were attending 11th Grade at Jorgo Nole Preparatory School (JNPS) in 2005(E.C.) were involved in the study. In order to strengthen the data obtained through questionnaire, some interview questions were prepared, and ten randomly selected respondents (five from the high and five from the low achievers) were interviewed. Data obtained through the questionnaire were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version-16.0. Frequency, percentage, mean and t-test were employed to analyze the data obtained through questionnaire, and the data obtained through interview were analyzed qualitatively. Frequency and percentage were used to show the number of respondents rated the five point’s likert scale for each item. The mean scores were used to compare the difference between the high and the low achievers in using the sub-categories of VLSs. The t-test (at P<O.05) was used to check if there is statistically significant difference between the high and the low achievers in using each of the VLSs provided to the respondents in the questionnaire, and to assess the relationship between VLSs and their English language achievement. Findings of the study indicate that there is a relationship between the students' perception and their language achievement, and VLSs preferred by the students and their English language achievement, i.e. the high achievers prefer more VLSs than the low achievers to learn and study new vocabulary. In addition, there is significant difference between the high and the low achievers regarding VLSs they use since many of the high achievers 'Usually' and 'Always' use almost all of the strategies, whereas many of the low achievers 'Never' and 'Rarely' use many of the strategies to discover the meanings of new English words and to consolidate the words they have learned. Finally, it is recommended that English language teachers should facilitate the teaching learning conditions in which the high achievers can help the low achievers practice different VLSs that help them to learn and consolidate new English words in order to speed up their English language acquisition.Jimma Universit

Review on Yield Gap Analysis: Modeling of Achievable Yields at Farm Level

In the present context, ‘model’ is expressed as a computer program that can be repeatedly run several times for computing several designed mathematical or statistical expressions (equations) governing crop growth-environment relations, given appropriate input data. The experiment station yields obtained under a rainfed situation without any nutrient deficiency mostly considered as the potential yields of rainfed crops. Actual yields are obtained by recording crop yields of farmers in the region under investigation and achievable yield is between actual and potential yield. Actual yields are compared with the potential yields to estimate yield gaps of crops for that area and others which have the same agro-ecology. Achievable yield is determined by factors like availability of moisture and nutrients, Precipitation and irrigation as input, Soil profile water holding characteristics, Plant water balance (transpiration, water uptake), Soil water balance (evaporation, infiltration, runoff, flow, drainage) and Nitrogen fertilizer applications as input, Soil nitrogen conditions, Plant nitrogen balance (uptake, fixation, mobilization), Soil nitrogen balance (mineralization, immobilization, nitrification, denitrification). Generally, modeling Achievable yield of farm depend on water and nutrient data of the area and Actual yield is determined by factors like weeds, insect pests, diseases and pollutants. Keywords: Modeling, Gap analysis, Achievable yield and Farm level DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-15-02 Publication date:August 31st 2022

Human-wildlife conflict in Zegie Peninsula (Ethiopia) with emphasis on grivet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops)

Data on conflict between human and wildlife in Zegie Peninsula were collected during July, 2008-April, 2009. Face-to-face questionnaire, census of wild animals, direct estimation of crop damage by wild animals and faecal analysis of grivet monkeys were the components of the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics; Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA. Crop loss in 2007/2008 harvest year was 26.78%. Damage estimation of ripened crops in the field by wild animals was equivalent to about 13,000 Ethiopian Birr per day in the study area (1150 ha). There was no significant difference in damage among crops (F = 0.147, df = 3, 16, P > 0.05) and damage in different habitats (F =1.41, df = 4, 15, P > 0.05). Among the faecal samples of grivet monkeys, 34.28% had the seeds of citrus fruits. Wild animals were killed in response to the damage they cause to crops or for consumption. Trees were cut down and sold to support livelihood. The estimated population of grivets in the study area was 1157, which is about one grivet monkey/ha. Grivet population was not significantly different between the wet and dry seasons (x2= 0.44, df =1, P > 0.05). But there was a significant difference in the population of grivets among habitats (F = 5.36, df = 4, 15, P < 0.05). The estimated population of squirrels, duikers and hares in the study area was 428, 37 and 30, respectively. Squirrel population varied significantly between wet and dry seasons (x2 = 5.6, df =1, P < 0.05).  Grivet monkey, squirrel, porcupine and bushpig were the four major pest mammals in the area. Leopard, duiker and hares were minor pests

Long-term electricity supply modelling in the context of developing countries: The OSeMOSYS-LEAP soft-linking approach for Ethiopia

Long-term power supply modelling is particularly important for developing countries in providing sustainable solutions to electricity problems. This study presents the first detailed and complete model of the Ethiopian electricity system while considering the unique features (dominance of traditional energy, informal economy, urban-rural divide, low electrification, supply shortage, etc.) and context of developing countries that is developed by soft-linking the OSeMOSYS (Open-Source energy Modelling System) and LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System) modelling frameworks. Better system representation and design of plausible scenarios that explore the potential pathways of the future power supply and demand evolution until 2050 is done by performing sensitivity analysis. Sector wise and technological representation of supply and end-uses at a disaggregated level, assessment of centralized grid-based means and decentralized off-grid methods for improving electricity access are the main methodological contributions. Five policy scenarios are employed to explore different possible futures and balance the long-term electricity needs and resources. The improved efficiency scenario reduces the installed capacity by 9 GW which translates into approximately 11% total discounted cost saving (USD $ 4 billion). This economic benefit has made the efficiency scenario the most desirable compared to the other scenarios. Attributed to lower investment costs and abundant resource availability, the results show that renewable technologies are more competitive and favourable

Long-term evolution of energy and electricity demand forecasting: The case of Ethiopia

Long-term energy demand forecasting is crucial for any country, in particular for developing countries with rapid developments of energy needs. This study focuses on Ethiopia, a country with a highly increasing energy demand resulting mainly from the currently low share of electricity access, rapid development of industrial parks, extensive expansion of the railway network, extensive irrigation schemes for agriculture, new cement and sugar factories, housing projects, power export plan to neighboring countries, etc. These all are on top of the 2.7% average population growth. In this study, the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) is used to explore different possible futures and also to forecast the long-term energy requirements in Ethiopia. The planning period is 33 years from 2018 to 2050. The study employs six different scenarios to unfold the future evolution. The developed scenarios are Business-As-Usual (BAU), Growth in Electrification and Urbanization (E&amp;U), High Economic Growth (HEG) and three policy-driven, Improved Energy Efficiency (IEE-1, IEE-2 and IEE-3) scenarios. The pathways represented by these scenarios can show the maximum expected rise in demand under different drivers and the best-case energy saving opportunities. The model is also used to estimate the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

Investigation of Sustainable Technology Options: Wind, Pumped-hydro-storage and Solar potential to Electrify Isolated Ziway Islanders in Ethiopia

This research at supplying electricity to Ziway lake islanders in Ethiopia, through studying the wind, pumped hydro-storage (PHS), and solar energy potentials. A wind mast is erected, and measurements at 10,50, and 70m heights are taken for a year long. The wind is of class-4 with wind speeds of 7m/s at 50m, and 7.87m/s. The energy density is 318.8 kWh/m2 (50m). GIS-based 3D digital elevation model (DEM) is used to investigate the PHS, with the lake as lower-reservoir and a dried-out crater pond of an extinct volcano as upper reservoir. The head is extracted using optical remote sensing technology, DEM(LiDAR) 12.5m. Constraints considered are topography, area, head, and slope. Twelve upper reservoirs are identified within head range of 50-250,50-200, and 50-100m. The results showed a PHS capacity of  5976 KWh at head of 60m can be developed. The solar energy potential is 6.1KWh/m2 /day. The finding proved the viability of electricity supply to the community.  

Duration of low temperature storage, clove topping and gibberellic acid on garlic sprouting and seedling vigor

Dormancy of garlic (Allium sativum L.) creates a problem in use of freshly harvested garlic bulbs. Thus, pre-planting treatment of garlic cloves is an important agronomic concern for inducing and improving sprouting behavior of garlic. Glasshouse experiment was conducted at Haramaya University to evaluate the effect of cold storage (7°C) durations (10, 20, 30 days and one stored at room temperature that is 21°C for 30 days), clove topping (whole and cut) and gibberellic acid concentrations (0, 125, 250 and 375 mg/l) and distilled water treatment as second control on sprouting behavior of improved garlic variety (‘Tseday’). The treatments were laid out in factorial arrangement with three replications using completely randomized design (CRD). For cloves stored at ambient temperature (0 day) and non-topped, gibberellic acid application (250 and 375 mg/l) showed a significant increase in sprouting percentage, speed of sprouting and shoot dry mass of garlic as compared to 125mg/l GA3 treated and the controls. On the other hand, for topped cloves stored at ambient temperature (0 day), 10 and 20 days cold storage, gibberellic acid treatment did not show a significant influence on these characteristics as compared to the controls. The interaction effect of 30 days cold stored and topped cloves significantly increased pseudo-stem height (40.51%) compared to the lowest values recorded for the non-cold treated and non-topped cloves. The 30 days cold stored and topped cloves soaked in water significantly increased sprouting percentage over the period of 19 days after planting, speed of sprouting (four fold) and above ground shoot dry mass (79.41%) compared to the lowest values recorded for the non-cold treated and non-topped cloves not soaked in water and gibberellic acid (GA3). Hence, it can be concluded that 30 days cold storage, topping and soaking in water could enhance early sprouting of the garlic variety tested under glasshouse condition.Keywords: Clove topping, Dormancy, Garlic, Gibberellic acid, Sprouting percentage, Storage condition

Determinants of Household Energy Demand in Ethiopia: The Case Study of Addis Ababa City

This paper analyzes the household energy demand in Ethiopia: the case study of Addis Ababa City. The weighted average income of energy is used to estimate the energy demand in the city, using cross sectional data from 466 households in 2012/13. The result indicates that each household spends on average 14.7% or 376.98 birr per month of its expenditure for energy purchase from their total expenditure is 2760.84 birr. Household energy demand is estimated by the share of energy expenditure from total household expenditure. Energy is a necessity good for city households and has positive income elasticity (+0.61). And, household size, the proportion of women in households, household head level of education, owning of dwelling and electric appliance (electric meter and refrigerator) are important underpinning factors that affect the decision to use a particular energy type. Thus, improving access to different energy sources especially the modern ones are essential to increase household modern energy demand and reduce energy poverty in city

Pattern of surgical admissions to Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A five-year retrospective study

Background: Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital (TASH) is Ethiopia’s largest tertiary teaching and referral hospital admitting and treating surgical patients under various specialties. This study aims to analyze the magnitude and pattern of surgical admissions to this facility. Methods: A five-year Cross sectional retrospective analysis was done on all adult surgical admissions to TASH from Sept. 2010 to Sept. 2015. Results: There were a total of 8,698 surgical admissions of which, 4471 (51.4%) were male and 4227 (48.5%) were female with male to female ratio of 1.06:1. Their age ranged from 13 to 95, with mean age being 38.8 ± 16.2 years. Three thousand two hundred twenty two (46.5%) patients were from Addis Ababa. Of all admissions, 4706 (54.1%) were elective ones of which obstructive uropathy, 997(21.1%), esophageal diseases, 716(15.2%) and Urolithiasis, 573(12.2%) respectively are the top three. The rest, 3992 (44.9%), were emergency admissions, the top three ones being trauma, 1435(35.9%), appendicitis 281(7%) and Intestinal obstruction, 190(4.7%) respectively. General surgical (gastrointestinal, endocrine and vascular) cases account for 3414 (39.25%) of all admissions followed by urosurgical cases, 2114 (25.31%), cardiothoracic surgical cases, 1942 (22.33%), and neurosurgical cases, 1139 (13.1%). There were a total of 280 deaths with an overall mortality rate of 4% of which, 3.2% were from elective admissions and 5.2% from emergency ones. Mortality rate was the highest among neurosurgical patients being 6.3% followed by 4.3%, 3.8% and 3.5% in cardiothoracic, general surgical and urosurgical cases respectively. Conclusions: The admission pattern indicates quite a big number and diversity of cases though the bed capacity is limited. There are significant number of cases that could be treated at other secondary level hospitals. Trauma is the leading cause of emergency admissions and significant cause of mortality. We recommend increasing the number of beds, organizing separate trauma center and admitting only cases requiring tertiary level care. Keywords: pattern of surgical diseases; surgical admissions; Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital