Intervention effects on selected parameters from mixed effect models.

<p>* Data from examination at baseline and after washout period combined.</p>#<p><i>p</i>-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.</p>§<p><i>p</i>-values result from calculation of mixed models with log transformed variables.</p><p>Intervention effects on selected parameters from mixed effect models.</p

Position of DGGE bands with a significant change after intervention periods in a DGGE gel (L- Marker; S1/S2- Sample 1 and 2).

<p>Position of DGGE bands with a significant change after intervention periods in a DGGE gel (L- Marker; S1/S2- Sample 1 and 2).</p

The Influence of Whole Grain Products and Red Meat on Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Normal Weight Adults: A Randomized Crossover Intervention Trial

<div><p></p><p>Intestinal microbiota is related to obesity and serum lipid levels, both risk factors for chronic diseases constituting a challenge for public health. We investigated how a diet rich in whole grain (WG) products and red meat (RM) influences microbiota. During a 10-week crossover intervention study, 20 healthy adults consumed two isocaloric diets, one rich in WG products and one high in RM. Repeatedly data on microbiota were assessed by <i>16S rRNA</i> based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A blood sample and anthropometric data were collected. Mixed models and logistic regression were used to investigate effects. Microbiota showed interindividual variability. However, dietary interventions modified microbiota appearance: 8 bands changed in at least 4 participants during the interventions. One of the bands appearing after WG and one increasing after RM remained significant in regression models and were identified as <i>Collinsella aerofaciens</i> and <i>Clostridium sp.</i> The WG intervention lowered obesity parameters, while the RM diet increased serum levels of uric acid and creatinine. The study showed that diet is a component of major relevance regarding its influence on intestinal microbiota and that WG has an important role for health. The results could guide investigations of diet and microbiota in observational prospective cohort studies.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01449383?term=NCT01449383&rank=1" target="_blank">NCT01449383</a></p></div

Relative abundance of DGGE-bands in human faecal samples from examinations before intervention periods.

<p>Relative abundance of DGGE-bands in human faecal samples from examinations before intervention periods.</p

Diet plan for participants with diet succession: whole grain diet, washout period and red meat diet.

<p>Diet plan for participants with diet succession: whole grain diet, washout period and red meat diet.</p

CONSORT flowchart of the study.

<p>CONSORT flowchart of the study.</p

Baseline characteristics of study participants, overall and by intervention sequence group after randomisation; # Mean (SD), *pValues for ttest comparing continous variables in the groups and χ²test for categorical variables.

<p>Baseline characteristics of study participants, overall and by intervention sequence group after randomisation; # Mean (SD), *pValues for ttest comparing continous variables in the groups and χ²test for categorical variables.</p

Intervention effects on factors retained after factor analysis (FA) with bands changed due to an intervention and correlations of corresponding factors with measures of obesity (BMI-body mass index, Waist circ.- waist circumference) and sex.

<p>* Correlation significant on level <i>p</i><0.05.</p><p>Intervention effects on factors retained after factor analysis (FA) with bands changed due to an intervention and correlations of corresponding factors with measures of obesity (BMI-body mass index, Waist circ.- waist circumference) and sex.</p

Number of deaths and risk of sepsis death within the Multiethnic Cohort.

<p>Number of deaths and risk of sepsis death within the Multiethnic Cohort.</p

Risk factors for sepsis mortality for all MEC participants and cancer patients only^*.

<p>Risk factors for sepsis mortality for all MEC participants and cancer patients only^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178374#t002fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p