28 research outputs found
The IDENTIFY study: the investigation and detection of urological neoplasia in patients referred with suspected urinary tract cancer - a multicentre observational study
Objective
To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers and geographical variation.
Patients and Methods
This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included patients aged â„16 years, referred to secondary care with suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. We estimated the prevalence of bladder cancer, UTUC, renal cancer and prostate cancer; stratified by age, type of haematuria, sex, and smoking. We used a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression to adjust cancer prevalence for age, type of haematuria, sex, smoking, hospitals, and countries.
Results
Of the 11 059 patients assessed for eligibility, 10 896 were included from 110 hospitals across 26 countries. The overall adjusted cancer prevalence (n = 2257) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.3â34.1), bladder cancer (n = 1951) 24.7% (95% CI 19.1â30.2), UTUC (n = 128) 1.14% (95% CI 0.77â1.52), renal cancer (n = 107) 1.05% (95% CI 0.80â1.29), and prostate cancer (n = 124) 1.75% (95% CI 1.32â2.18). The odds ratios for patient risk markers in the model for all cancers were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.03â1.05; P < 0.001), visible haematuria 3.47 (95% CI 2.90â4.15; P < 0.001), male sex 1.30 (95% CI 1.14â1.50; P < 0.001), and smoking 2.70 (95% CI 2.30â3.18; P < 0.001).
Conclusions
A better understanding of cancer prevalence across an international population is required to inform clinical guidelines. We are the first to report urinary tract cancer prevalence across an international population in patients referred to secondary care, adjusted for patient risk markers and geographical variation. Bladder cancer was the most prevalent disease. Visible haematuria was the strongest predictor for urinary tract cancer
Sex specific vitamin D effects on blood coagulation among overweight adults
BACKGROUND: Overweight adults are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and vitamin D deficiency, whereas an important feature to vitamin D physiology is its sex dependence. The aim of this study was to examine whether vitamin D status improvement exerts a sexually dimorphic effect on serum proteins associated with cardiovascular risk among overweight adults.METHODS: Unprocessed serum from age- and BMI-matched men (n=26) and pre-menopausal women (n=24) with vitamin D deficiency and after they achieved sufficiency through a 12-month nutritional intervention was analyzed using our previously published depletion-free, quantitative proteomics method. Key findings were verified with ELISA. Differentially expressed proteins were subjected to in silico bioinformatics assessment using Principal Component Analysis, hierarchical clustering and Metacoreâą pathway analysis. All mass spectrometry proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange (identifier: PXD003663).RESULTS: A total of 282 proteins were differentially expressed after the intervention between men and women (p-value ? 0.05), in which the blood coagulation pathway was significantly enriched. In agreement with the proteomics findings, ELISA measurements showed vitamin-K dependent protein C, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen gamma chain and multimerin-1 proteins, of relevance to blood coagulation, to be differentially affected (p-value ? 0.05) between sexes after vitamin D status correction.CONCLUSIONS: This study identified novel protein-level molecular indicators on the sexually dimorphic effect of vitamin D status correction associated with blood coagulation among overweight adults. These sex-mediated vitamin D effects should be factored in the design and interpretation of vitamin D observational and interventional studies testing cardiometabolic outcomes
The Laws of War and Public Opinion: An Experimental Study
Research examining whether the laws of war change state behavior has produced conflicting results, and limitations of observational studies have stalled progress on the topic. I have conducted a survey experiment to bring new evidence to the debate. I directly test whether a mechanism hypothesized to drive compliance with international lawâpublic opinionâcreates pressure to comply with the laws of war. The results provide qualified support to research suggesting that democracies may comply with the laws of war when there is the expectation of reciprocity, and demonstrate the potential of using experimental methods to study the laws of war