Serum IgG and IgA levels specific for food and microbial antigens in IBD patients and controls.

<p>Serum IgG (A–F) and IgA (G–L) specific for ovalbumin (A/G), wheat (B/H), milk (C/I), mannan from <i>S. cerevisiae</i>  =  ASCA (D/J), and lysates from <i>E. coli</i> K12 (E/K) and <i>B. fragilis</i> ATCC 25285 (F/L) were quantified by ELISA in control patients/healthy controls (Con; n = 61) and patients suffering from CD (n = 52), UC (n = 29) and acute gastroenteritis/colitis (AGE; n = 12). Each dot represents one patient. Medians with interquartile ranges are indicated. P values (*<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001) were determined by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn's post hoc test.</p

Summary of results. Ab levels compared to controls.

1<p>Slightly increased anti-food IgA levels in CD patients with a structuring/penetrating phenotype.</p>2<p>Decreased anti-food IgG levels in CD and UC patients with artopathy.</p>3<p>Only some microbial antigens.</p>4<p>Patients receiving anti-TNFα treatment have lower Ab levels.</p><p>Summary of results. Ab levels compared to controls.</p

Anti-food and anti-microbial serum IgG and IgA levels in CD patients with or without anti-TNFα treatment and controls.

<p>Specific serum IgG (A) and IgA (B) were quantified by ELISA in control patients/healthy controls (n = 61) as well as in CD patients without (n = 17) and with (n = 34) current anti-TNFα treatment. Boxes indicate median and 25/75 percentiles and whiskers indicate 10/90 percentiles. P values were determined by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn's post hoc test (*<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001) or by Mann Whitney U test (# <0.05). Mann Whitney U test was only applied between CD subgroups and results are only shown if the Dunn's post hoc test did not show any significance.</p

Anti-food and anti-microbial serum IgG and IgA levels in CD patients with or without stricturing/penetrating disease and controls.

<p>Specific serum IgG (A) and IgA (B) were quantified by ELISA in control patients/healthy controls (n = 61) and CD patients without (n = 17) and with (n = 34) stricturing and/or penetrating complications. Boxes indicate median and 25/75 percentiles and whiskers indicate 10/90 percentiles. P values were determined by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn's post hoc test (*<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001) or by Mann Whitney U test (# <0.05). Mann Whitney U test was only applied between CD subgroups and results are only shown if the Dunn's post hoc test did not show any significance.</p

Anti-food and anti-microbial serum IgG and IgA levels in CD patients with or without arthropathy and controls.

<p>Specific serum IgG (A) and IgA (B) were quantified by ELISA in control patients/healthy controls (n = 61) and CD patients without (n = 39) and with (n = 12) current arthropathy. Boxes indicate median and 25/75 percentiles and whiskers indicate 10/90 percentiles. P values were determined by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn's post hoc test (*<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001).</p

NOD2 physically interacts with TRIM27 via the NBD domain.

<p>A–C) Lysates of HEK293T cells expressing the indicated proteins were subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-Flag (A and C) or anti-myc beads (B). Immunoblots of immunoprecipitates (IP) and total lysates (Input) were performed using the indicated antibodies. D) Immunoprecipitation of endogenous NOD2 from SW480 cells using the NOD2- specific monoclonal antibody 6F6. Cells were treated with 10 µM MDP for 3 h as indicated. Immunoblots of immunoprecipitates (IP) and total lysates (Input) were performed using the indicated antibodies. E) Protein-protein binding assays using <i>in vitro</i> transcribed and translated [35S]-methionine-labeled NOD2 and recombinant GST or GST-TRIM27 (WT, ΔRING or ΔRING+B-Box) bound to glutathione-Sepharose beads. The coomassie-stained gel (bottom) and the autoradiograph (top) of co-precipitated NOD2 are shown.</p

NOD2 is ubiquitinated.

<p>A) To determine NOD1 and NOD2 ubiquitination, denatured lysates of HEK293T cells expressing the indicated proteins were subjected to immunoprecipitation. Immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted using the indicated antibodies B) To determine the type of ubiquitin-linkage, lysates of HEK293T cells expressing the NOD1 or NOD2 were subjected to immunoprecipitation. Endogenous ubiquitin was revealed using a K48-link specific antibody. C) HEK293T cells were transfected for 72 h with siCTR, siTRIM27-1 or -3 after expression of Flag-NOD2 and HA-Ubiquitin. Immunoblots of immunoprecipitates (IP) and total lysates (Input) were performed using the indicated antibodies. D) TRIM27 and a E3 mutant of TRIM27 were expressed together with NOD2 and HA-ubiquitin in HEK293T cells. Immunoprecipitates were probed with the indicated antibodies. E) HEK293T cells expressing the indicated proteins were stimulated with 10 µM MDP for the indicated time. Lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation as described in (C). Densitometric analysis of the TRIM27 signal in the immunoprecipitation normalized to the input signal is shown (bottom). Representative data of at least three independent experiments are shown.</p

TRIM27 negatively regulates NOD2 signaling.

<p>A–C) NF-κB luciferase assays in HEK293T cells to determine the influence of TRIM27 overexpression on MDP-induced NOD2-mediated (A), TNF- (B), or IKK-β-induced (C) NF-κB activation. Normalized luciferase activity (nRLU) of unstimulated (white bars) and stimulated (black bars) samples is shown. Values are given as mean+SD (n = 3). *, P<0.05; ***, P<0.005. <i>D.</i> Sections from human colon derived from healthy and active Crohn's disease patients. Staining with DAPI (blue), phalloidin-FITC (green) and with α-TRIM27 antibody (red) is shown. Staining with a rat serum is shown as control in the lower panel (rat serum). Slides are representative for 3 control and 4 Crohn's disease patients. Scale bar = 20 µm. <i>E.</i> qRT-PCR of TRIM27 mRNA expression in colonic biopsies derived from patients with Crohn's disease and controls (CTR) with no evidence of mucosal inflammation. Each symbol represents one patient. TRIM27 mRNA expression normalized to GAPDH is shown. *, P<0.05 (n = 6).</p

TRIM27 contributes to proteasomal degradation of NOD2.

<p>A) HEK293T cells transfected with low amounts of Flag-NOD2 and myc-TRIM27, E3 or CTR as indicated were treated with 30 µg/ml cycloheximid (CHX) and immunoblots of total cell lysates (top) were performed using the indicated antibodies. GAPDH served as loading control. B) HEK293T cells expressing the indicated proteins were treated with 100 nM bortezomib. Lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041255#pone-0041255-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>. Actin served as loading control. C) HEK293T cells transfected for 48 h with siCTR, siTRIM27-1 or -3 and subsequently with Flag-NOD2 were treated with 30 µg/ml CHX, as indicated. Immunoblots of total cell lysates were performed using the indicated antibodies. GAPDH served as loading control. Representative data of at least three independent experiments are shown (see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041255#pone.0041255.s003" target="_blank">Fig. S3B</a>).</p

Mapping of the interaction domains in NOD2 and TRIM27.

<p>The depicted NOD2 (A) or TRIM27 (B) deletion constructs (upper panels) were used for the domain mapping. Lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-Flag beads and immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.</p