Mean performance averaged across the four adaptation tasks.

0° represents the unadapted expectation. A: The size of the angular transformation corresponds to the expected value for complete adaptation. B-D: 65° represents the expected value for complete adaptation. B-D show the mean adaptation progress in different timescales (B: episodes, C: blocks, D: sessions) averaged across all angular transformations. Illustrated are between-subject means and standard errors.</p

S1 Data -

(ZIP)</p

Progress of adaptation across blocks in the first and second compared to the third and fourth adaptation task.

65° represents the expected value for complete adaptation. 0° represents the unadapted expectation. Illustrated are between-subject means and standard errors.</p

Experimental design.

The participants of the intervention group trained for three episodes of five movements a first adaptation task, then trained for three episodes a second adaptation task and so on. The four adaptation tasks were practiced in six blocks, which constituted one session. One to three days later, they performed the next training session. Three sessions were trained with a given angular transformation before it increased by 10°.</p

Progress of adaptation across episodes and blocks in the distal and proximal workspace.

65° represents the expected value for complete adaptation. 0° represents the unadapted expectation. Each dot represents the mean and the bars the standard error of all participants of the intervention group in one episode.</p

Performance of one participant.

The participant adapted to clockwise (cw) double steps in the distal workspace, counterclockwise (ccw) double steps in the proximal workspace, counterclockwise rotated feedback in the distal workspace, and clockwise rotated feedback in the proximal workspace. Illustrated are the movement directions measured 100 ms after movement onset. Each dot represents the mean of one episode, i.e., of 5 movements. All episode means of the intervention are shown. The solid blue and orange lines represent the expected values for complete adaptation of movement directions to the angular transformations 30°-100°. The solid black line near the Abscissa represents the performance during the baseline phase.</p

Adaptation tasks.

Each participant adapted in the distal and the proximal workspace to double steps as well as to rotated feedback. Double steps represent target displacements at movement onset–here illustrated by a change from a former to the actual target. Clockwise double steps (here shown for the distal workspace) and counterclockwise feedback rotations (here shown for the proximal workspace) require clockwise movement trajectory modifications to reach the target. Counterclockwise double steps (here shown for the proximal workspace) and clockwise feedback rotations (here shown for the distal workspace) require counterclockwise trajectory modifications.</p

Predictions of the generalized linear model with mean cognitive performance change as a covariate.

Predictions of the generalized linear model regarding the performance in the first and second adaptation task (black lines) compared to the third and fourth adaptation task (grey lines) with mean cognitive performance change as a covariate. Each graph shows the values of one participant. Bars represent standard errors of predictions. The size of an angular transformation corresponds to the expected value for complete adaptation. 0° represents the unadapted expectation. "cog" denotes the z-transformed mean cognitive performance change of one participant. As a reference, the mean cognitive performance change of the passive control group might be considered, which was 0.19 (SD: 0.20).</p

Cognitive performance.

Cognitive performance.</p

Factor analysis of post-pre changes in the cognitive performance tests.

Factor analysis of post-pre changes in the cognitive performance tests.</p