Effects of Theophylline on Anesthetized Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Pigs

Background. Theophylline was shown to induce contracture development in porcine malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptible (MHS) skeletal muscles in vitro. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the in vivo effects of theophylline in MHS and MH normal (MHN) swine. Methods. MH-trigger-free general anesthesia was performed in MHS and MHN swine. Theophylline was administered intravenously in cumulative doses up to 93.5 mg·kg−1. The clinical occurrence of MH was defined by changes of central-venous pCO2, central-venous pH, and body core temperature. Results. Theophylline induced comparable clinical alterations in the anesthetized MHS and MHN swine, especially in regard to hemodynamic data. No pig developed hypermetabolism and/or MH according to defined criteria. All animals died with tachycardia followed by ventricular fibrillation. Conclusions. The cumulative theophylline doses used in this study were much higher than doses used therapeutically in humans, as demonstrated by measured blood concentrations. Theophylline is thus not a trigger of MH in genetically determined swine

Change of initial and ICU treatment over time in trauma patients. An analysis from the TraumaRegister DGUA (R)

Clinical guidelines have been standardized for pre- and in-hospital trauma management in the last decades. Therefore, it is known that prehospital management has changed significantly. Furthermore, in-hospital course may be altered to reduce complications and length of stay (LOS). However, the development of trauma patient in-hospital management as well as LOS in the intensive care unit (ICU) has not been investigated systematically over a long-term period in Germany. Aim of our study is to examine the changes in in-hospital management and LOS in the ICU in moderately and severely injured patients. Patients documented in the TraumaRegister DGUA (R) (TR-DGU) of the German Trauma Society from 2000 to 2011 and admitted to ICU were included in this study. Demographic data, the pattern of injury, injury severity, duration of mechanical ventilation, LOS in the ICU, hospital LOS, and discharge destination were evaluated. The mean values and the standard deviations are shown. The constant variables were calculated with changes over time analyzed by linear regression analysis, and categorical variables were calculated with the chi-square test. A total of 18,048 patients were analyzed. The rate of patients being intubated at the time of ICU admission decreased from 86.8 % in 2000 to 60.0 % in 2011 (p < 0.001). The time of mechanical ventilation decreased from 7.5 +/- 10.5 to 4.7 +/- 8.7 days. The intensive care unit LOS was reduced from 11.7 +/- 12.8 to 9.0 +/- 11.3 days and the length of hospital stay from 27.9 +/- 28.7 to 21.1 +/- 20.4 days (both p < 0.01). The ICU LOS remained stable in the subgroup of mechanically ventilated patients (12.7 +/- 13.2 day in 2000, 12,6 +/- 12.9 in 2011, p = 0.6), whereas it was reduced in non-mechanically ventilated patients (5.5 +/- 6.8 days in 2000, 3.6 +/- 4.5 days in 2011; p < 0.001). The reduction LOS in the analyzed dataset is mainly explained by the relevantly reduced rate of patients being intubated at the time of ICU admission. Our data demonstrate that trauma patients' in-hospital course is influenced by reduced intubation rate at the time of ICU admission