Effective attenuation of atrazine-induced histopathological changes in testicular tissue by antioxidant <i>N</i>-phenyl-4-aryl-polyhydroquinolines

<div><p></p><p>Some of the environmental toxicants acting as endocrine disruptors have been associated with health hazards in human and wildlife by modulating hormonal actions. Atrazine, a strong endocrine disruptor, induces detrimental effects on gonads in male and female, and causes impairment of fertility and developmental problems as well as sex alterations. Atrazine decreases the activities of antioxidant enzymes and thus responsible for oxidative stress. Natural antioxidants have shown ability to reduce/slow down the apoptotic effect of atrazine on testicular tissue. In the present study, some <i>N</i>-phenyl-4-aryl-polyhydroquinolines bearing phenolic or/and alkoxy group(s) (<b>6a</b>–<b>6g</b>) were synthesized and evaluated for antioxidant activity in four different assays. Three best compounds (<b>6e</b>–<b>6g</b>) were studied for their ameliorative effect on testicular tissue supplemented with atrazine <i>in vitro</i>.</p></div