Physical modelling of backward erosion piping in levee foundation subjected to repeated flooding: (Abstract)

<p>The T-RFLP was based on Hae III (A) and MSP I (B) restriction enzymes. Cows were fed a control diet (CON) or a diet with 10% (10% FM) and 15% flax meal (15% FM). Scale relates to percent similarity and data are presented per period (Per).</p

Pathway of enterolignans production from SDG by human faecal bacteria (Adapted from [8]).

<p>Pathway of enterolignans production from SDG by human faecal bacteria (Adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087949#pone.0087949-Clavel1" target="_blank">[8]</a>).</p

Taxonomic identification of DGGE bands potentially associated with enterolactone production in ruminal fluid.

<p>Taxonomic identification of DGGE bands potentially associated with enterolactone production in ruminal fluid.</p

Mean peak/band number following HaeIII- and MSP1-based 16S rRNA T-RFLP and V6–V8 PCR-DGGE of rumen bacteria within rumen samples obtained from Holstein cows fed a control diet with no flax meal (CON), 10% (10FM) and 15% (15FM) of flax meal (FM) in the dry matter.

<p>Mean peak/band number following HaeIII- and MSP1-based 16S rRNA T-RFLP and V6–V8 PCR-DGGE of rumen bacteria within rumen samples obtained from Holstein cows fed a control diet with no flax meal (CON), 10% (10FM) and 15% (15FM) of flax meal (FM) in the dry matter.</p

DGGE gel for sequencing purpose.

<p>This DGGE gel shows rumen bacterial diversity within cows fed no flax meal (CON) or 15% flax meal (15%) in the diet (dry matter basis). Arrows show bands that appeared upon flax meal supplementation, which were cut and sequenced.</p

Concentration of enterolactone (µmol/L) in ruminal fluid of Holstein cows fed flax meal (FM).

<p>Cows were fed a control diet (CON) or a diet with 5% FM (5FM), 10% FM (10FM) and 15% FM (15FM). There was a linear effect of treatment (<i>P</i><0.0001) before feeding and in the post-feeding pool of ruminal fluid. The standard error was 0.001 for all sampling times.</p

Efficiency of conversion of SDG into SECO by selected pure cultures of ruminal bacteria and conversion of SDG into SECO and ED using ruminal fluid as inoculum, assessed using <i>in vitro</i> cultures and HPLC¹.

1<p>The HPLC results were converted into molarities (SDG <i>M</i> = 686.7 g/mol; SECO <i>M</i> = 362.4 g/mol; ED <i>M</i> = 302.36 g/mol), and expressed as the percentage, in relation to the initial concentration of SDG of 1.14 m<i>M</i>; n.d.: non-detected.</p

Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets.

<p>*Control diet with no flax meal (FM) or a diet with 5%, 10% and 15% FM (DM basis).</p>†<p>Contained 20% of canola meal, 30% of corn gluten meal, 20% of soybean meal, and 30% of brewer's corn.</p>‡<p>Contained 9.2% Ca; 4.79% P; 4.78% Mg; 1.52% S; 13.72% Na; 1.37% K; 19.5 mg/kg Se; 23 mg/kg I; 2013 mg/kg Fe; 1068 mg/kg Cu; 1796 mg/kg Mn; 2657 mg/kg Zn; 57 mg/kg Co; 265 mg/kg Fl; 442000 UI/kg vitamin A; 56670 UI/kg vitamin D; and 2630 UI/kg vitamin E.</p>¶<p>Values with standard errors of the mean.</p