Additional file 2: of Human leptospirosis in Tanzania: sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirm that pathogenic Leptospira species circulate among agro-pastoralists living in Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem

DNA sequences of pathgenic species identified from this study. (DOCX 14 kb

Climate Change Influences Potential Distribution of Infected <i>Aedes aegypti</i> Co-Occurrence with Dengue Epidemics Risk Areas in Tanzania

<div><p>Background</p><p>Dengue is the second most important vector-borne disease of humans globally after malaria. Incidence of dengue infections has dramatically increased recently, potentially due to changing climate. Climate projections models predict increases in average annual temperature, precipitation and extreme events in the future. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of changing climate on distribution of dengue vectors in relation to epidemic risk areas in Tanzania.</p><p>Methods/Findings</p><p>We used ecological niche models that incorporated presence-only infected <i>Aedes aegypti</i> data co-occurrence with dengue virus to estimate potential distribution of epidemic risk areas. Model input data on infected <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> was collected during the May to June 2014 epidemic in Dar es Salaam. Bioclimatic predictors for current and future projections were also used as model inputs. Model predictions indicated that habitat suitability for infected <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> co-occurrence with dengue virus in current scenarios is highly localized in the coastal areas, including Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Morogoro, Tanga and Zanzibar. Models indicate that areas of Kigoma, Ruvuma, Lindi, and those around Lake Victoria are also at risk. Projecting to 2020, we show that risk emerges in Mara, Arusha, Kagera and Manyara regions, but disappears in parts of Morogoro, Ruvuma and near Lake Nyasa. In 2050 climate scenario, the predicted habitat suitability of infected <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> co-occurrence with dengue shifted towards the central and north-eastern parts with intensification in areas around all major lakes. Generally, model findings indicated that the coastal regions would remain at high risk for dengue epidemic through 2050.</p><p>Conclusion/Significance</p><p>Models incorporating climate change scenarios to predict emerging risk areas for dengue epidemics in Tanzania show that the anticipated risk is immense and results help guiding public health policy decisions on surveillance and control of dengue epidemics. A collaborative approach is recommended to develop and adapt control and prevention strategies.</p></div

Predicted risk areas for dengue epidemics in Tanzania for the current climate scenario.

<p>The map also indicates distribution of number of dengue cases during 2014 epidemic. Colour intensification indicates increased probability of risk for dengue epidemic to occur in the area.</p

Predicted risk areas for dengue epidemics in Tanzania for the year 2050 climate scenario.

<p>Colour intensification indicate increased probability of risk for dengue epidemic to occur in the area.</p

Predicted risk areas for dengue epidemics in Tanzania for the year’s 2020 climate scenario.

<p>Colour intensification indicates increased probability of risk for dengue epidemic to occur in the area.</p

Percent contribution and permutation importance of bioclimatic variables used in the species ecological niche model.

<p>Percent contribution and permutation importance of bioclimatic variables used in the species ecological niche model.</p

Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease"</p><p>BMC Veterinary Research 2006;2():6-6.</p><p>Published online 30 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1386657.</p><p>Copyright © 2006 Meerts et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p>ted pigs. When difference between mean titres was significant, the -value was shown

Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease"</p><p>BMC Veterinary Research 2006;2():6-6.</p><p>Published online 30 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1386657.</p><p>Copyright © 2006 Meerts et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p>the difference between the mean values was significant, the -value was shown

Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease"</p><p>BMC Veterinary Research 2006;2():6-6.</p><p>Published online 30 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1386657.</p><p>Copyright © 2006 Meerts et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p

Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease"</p><p>BMC Veterinary Research 2006;2():6-6.</p><p>Published online 30 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1386657.</p><p>Copyright © 2006 Meerts et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p>ll line: mean antibody titre of the pigs with low PCV2 replication (gnotobiotic) or healthy pigs (SPF). Dashed line: antibody titre of pig with high PCV2-replication (gnotobiotic) or mean titre of PMWS-affected pigs (SPF). When the difference between the mean titres was significant, the -value was shown