I Became Aware That Many Students Looked up to Erving

Gerald Handel, Professor Emeritus of Sociology at The City College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, wrote this memoir at the request of Dmitri Shalin and gave his approval for posting the present version in the Erving Goffman Archives. The memoir was received on February 11, 2009

Childhood in Sociology and Society: The US Perspective

The field of childhood studies in the US is comprised of cross-disciplinary researchers who theorize and conduct research on both children and youth. US sociologists who study childhood largely draw on the childhood literature published in English. This article focuses on American sociological contributions, but notes relevant contributions from non-American scholars published in English that have shaped and fueled American research. This article also profiles the institutional support of childhood research in the US, specifically outlining the activities of the ‘Children and Youth’ Section of the American Sociological Association (ASA), and assesses the contributions of this area of study for sociology as well as the implications for an interdisciplinary field.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

A STUDY OF THE IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF PURE AND CALCIA-DOPED CERIUM-DIOXIDE

Interest in metal oxides has increased in recent years. This ls partly due to their potential uses in composite materials, as electronic components, and as high temperature abrasion and corrosion resistant coatings. Oxides are also of interest because of their relation to extractive metallurgy and oxidation of refractory metals and super alloys. If one wishes to make use of a metal oxide or even to prevent its formation, It is necessary to know that materiaI\u27s characteristics. An important characteristic is that of bulk diffusion or mass transport which occurs during many physical processes; e.g. sintering, precipitation, oxidation, creep and annealing. Mass transport is al so an im­portant factor in the operation of fuel celIs, in controlling the properties of ceramics which are used at high temperatures and in controlling the processing of all ceramics. Because of this there Is a need for reliable diffusion coefficients and their controlling factors. Diffusion coefficients and mechanisms of mass transport can be obtained from the ionic conductivity which is closely related to mass transport. The Ionic conduction mechanism In metal oxides is characterized when the charge transporting species, their mobilities and mechanisms of migration are known along with how these quantities vary with environment and various defect types and concentrations. Chemical additives or dopants are used extensively to vary and control the Ionic conductivity and hence the diffusion rates In ceramics. The need for a better understanding of iconic conduction processes In pure and doped oxides prompted this investigation in which the ionic fraction of the electrical conductivity In pure and calcia doped cerium dioxide was measured. Cerium dioxide exhibits large departures from stoichiometry while maintaining the cubic fluorite structure. Because of its variable composition In a single phase field cerium dioxide easily lends itself to studies of its electrical conductivity over large ranges of oxygen pressure and temperature. Additions of calcium oxide have been found to increase the electrical conductivity of cerium dioxide such that its conductivity is greater than that of either yttrja doped thoria or calcia stabilized zirconia both of which possess fluorite structures similar to that of ceria. Because of this and also because both yttria doped thoria and calcia stabilized zirconia have long been known to be ionic conductors, Interest in calcia doped ceria has been expressed for Its potential use as an electrolyte in high temperature fuel cells. The present investigation employs an electrochemical eel I of the type [equation] to measure the ionic transference fractions of pure and calcia doped cerium dioxide as a function of temperature, oxygen pressure and calcia concentration. These measurements were used in combination with measurements of the total electrical conductivity to obtain the ionic and electronic conductivities from which were obtained Information concerning the defect structure and mechanisms of conduction in cerium dioxide. Oxygen vacancy diffusion coefficients and motion energies were also obtained from the ionic conductivity

Ionic Transference Numbers and Electrical Conductivity of Cerium Dioxide

Electrochemical cell measurements were made on Ceo2 from 400°c to 950°c using gaseous electrodes consisting of air, oxygen, argon and argon-oxygen mixtures. The cell measurements indicated an ionic transference number ranging from 0.4 at 436°c to 0.22 at 950°c when air and oxygen were used as the electrodes. The ionic transference numbers were lower when the electrode gases used had an oxygen partial pressure lower than that of air. The d.c. electrical conductivity of Ceo2 was also measured at constant composition using a standard four-probe technique. Measurements were made in argon in the temperature region 800°c to 1000°c . Mixtures of carbon monoxidecarbon dioxide corresponding to oxygen partial pressures of 8.37 x 10-11 to 8.37 x 10-15 atm at 1000°C were used to reduce the specimen. The conductivities are approximately an order of magnitude lower than those measured previously by Blumenthal and Laubach. An experimental activation energy of 0.2 +- 0.04 ev was calculated from the slopes of several representative log a vs 1/T plots on the basis of an Arrhenius type relation. No conclusions were made concerning the significance of the experimental activation energy

Differences in the Volume of Pharmaceutical Advertisements between Print General Medical Journals

BACKGROUND: Pharmaceutical advertisements have been argued to provide revenue that medical journals require but they are intended to alter prescribing behaviour and they are known to include low quality information. We determined whether a difference exists in the current level of pharmaceutical advertising in print general medical journals, and we estimated the revenue generated from print pharmaceutical advertising. METHODS: Six print general medical journals in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom were sampled between 2007 and 2012. The number of advertisements and other journal content in selected issues of the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), Canadian Family Physician (CFP), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), British Medical Journal (BMJ), and Lancet were determined. Revenue gained from pharmaceutical advertising was estimated using each journal's 2013 advertising price list. FINDINGS: The two Canadian journals sampled (CMAJ, CFP) contained five times more advertisements than the two American journals (JAMA, NEJM), and two British journals (BMJ, Lancet) (p<0.0001). The estimated annual revenue from pharmaceutical advertisements ranged from £0.025 million (for Lancet) to £3.8 million (for JAMA). The cost savings due to revenue from pharmaceutical advertising to each individual subscriber ranged from £0.02 (for Lancet) to £3.56 (for CFP) per issue. CONCLUSION: The volume of pharmaceutical advertisements differs between general medical journals, with the two Canadian journals sampled containing the most advertisements. International and temporal variations suggest that there is an opportunity for all general medical journals to reduce the number of pharmaceutical advertisements, explore other sources of revenue, and increase transparency regarding sources of revenue