Phyla represented by 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained.

<p>Phyla represented by 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained.</p

Box plot comparisons of bacterial diversity, bacterial community membership, and bacterial community structure for the 21 cross-sectional samples (A, B, and C, respectively).

<p>Richness was calculated with a uniform re-sample size of 1901 sequences following 1000 iterations. Community membership and structure were calculated using the Sørensen (presence/absence) and Bray-Curtis (quantitative) indices of similarity, respectively. The top and bottom boundaries of each box plot indicate the 75^th and 25^th quartile values, respectively, and lines within each box represent the 50^th quartile (media) values. Ends of whiskers represent interquartile range and open circles mark the lowest and highest values in each instance.</p

Distribution of bacterial species across patients.

<p>Given is occupancy, (the number of samples for which each bacterial species was observed), plotted against mean species abundance (log₁₀ scale) across all 21 samples (<i>r</i>² = 0.084, <i>F</i>_1,234 = 1.38, <i>P</i> = 0.242).</p

Patient information for the 25 patients enrolled in the study.

<p>Asterisks denote samples for which no sequencing data was obtained. “cef” - cefuroxime, “met” - metronidazole, “nor” - norfloxacin, “cip” - ciprofloxacin, ALD- Alcoholic liver disease. NASH- Non Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis, HCV- Hepatitis C virus.</p>†<p>- denotes ascitic PMN >250 cells/mm³.</p

Distribution of bacterial phyla identified by 16S sequence analysis of ascites bacterial DNA.

<p>Boxes represent median values and error bars show interquartile range</p

Ascites bacterial DNA burden associated with reduced HLA-DR expression on ascitic fluid macrophages.

<p>(A) distribution of leukocyte lineages in ascites fluid (n = 18, midline represents median, box represents 25^th-75^th percentile, whiskers indicate minimum and maximum values,-ve indicates lack of staining for markers employed in this study) (B) Correlation between %CD14+ macrophages and neutrophil count in ascitic fluid. Correlation between surface HLA-DR expression on CD14+ ascites cells (MFI) and (C) ascites bacterial burden (CFU/ml), (D) serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) and (E) time to next hospital admission.</p

Bacterial DNA burden in ascitic fluid is associated with poor clinical outcomes.

<p>(A) Ascitic bacterial DNA burden in patients who had received antibiotics within the previous 2 weeks (2/52) (p = 0.28). (B) Correlation between bacterial DNA burden and the number of neutrophils/ml ascitic fluid (r_s = 0.5, p = 0.012). (C) Bacterial DNA burden in patients with a previous history of SBP (p = 0.027). Correlation between bacterial DNA burden and (D) ascites total protein content (r_s = -0.42, p = 0.045) and (E) time to hospital readmission (r_s = -0.50, p = 0.024). (F) Bacterial DNA burden in patients who survived and those who died (black squares) or developed SBP (grey squares, # developed SBP and died, p = 0.006).</p

Ascites cohort antibiotic history and 6-month outcomes.

<p>Antibiotic treatment history prior to the study paracentesis and 6 month outcomes are depicted for each patient, in relation to their ascitic bacterial DNA burden (CFU/ml).</p

Flow cytometry gating strategy for ascites leukocyte characterisation.

<p>(A) Lymphocytes and myeloid cells were distinguished on the basis of side scatter properties and CD14 expression. CD14Hi and CD14 Low/^negative cells were further characterised for CD16, HLA-DR and CD66B expression (top right panels). Lymphoid cells were classified as B cells (CD19+), T cells (CD3+), and NK cells (CD56+/CD16+/-) (bottom left panels). (B) Myeloid populations were further investigated for surface CD11C, CCR2, CD163 and CX3CR1 expression.</p

Severe asthma disease duration and inflammation related to abundance of <i>Haemophilus., Streptococcus</i>, and <i>Moraxella sp.</i>

<p>The relationship in treatment-resistant severe asthma between total abundance of <i>Haemophilus sp., Streptococcus sp.</i>, and <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> in induced sputum samples and [A] neutrophil differential cell count (%), [B] asthma duration (years), [C] interleukin (IL)-8 concentration in induced sputum and [D] the relationship between <i>M. catarrhalis</i> abundance and induced sputum IL-8 concentration.</p