Descriptive statistics of the sixteen discovery studies and the replication study.

<p>AGES: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility–Reykjavik Study; ASPS: Austrian Stroke Prevention Study; ERF: Erasmus Rucphen Family study; GHS: Gutenberg Health Study; H2000: Health 2000; HBCS: Helsinki Birth Cohort Study; HRS: Health and Retirement Study; KORA S4: Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg; NFBC1966: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966; NTR1: Netherlands Twin Register Cohort 1; NTR2: Netherlands Twin Register Cohort 2; RS-I: Rotterdam Study Baseline; RS-II: Rotterdam Study Extension of Baseline; RS-III: Rotterdam Study Young; SardiNIA: SardiNIA Study of Aging; SHIP: Study of Health in Pomerania; THISEAS: The Hellenic study of Interactions between SNPs & Eating in Atherosclerosis Susceptibility; TwinsUK: the UK Adult Twin Registry; YFS: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study; STR: Swedish Twin Registry; Cases: number of participants that were at least once self-employed; Controls: number of participants that were not, and ideally never, self-employed; SD: standard deviation.</p>a<p>The number of male participants was insufficient for a male stratified analysis.</p

Prediction results.

<p>Variance explained (Nagelkerke pseudo-<i>R</i>² from logistic regression) vs. <i>p</i>-value threshold <i>p</i>_T for including SNPs in the score calculation.</p

Q–Q plots of the self-employment discovery meta-analyses.

<p>Q–Q plot of the self-employment discovery meta-analysis for (A) pooled males and females, (B) males only, and (C) females only. The grey shaded areas in the Q–Q plots represent the 95% confidence bands around the <i>p</i>-values.</p

Variance in the tendency to engage in self-employment explained by all autosomal SNPs in a combined sample of RS-I and STR for pooled males and females, males only, and females only.

<p>The genetic relationships were estimated from 301,115 directly genotyped autosomal SNPs that were available in both studies. All analyses controlled for age, study, and the first 10 principal components of the genetic similarity matrix of the combined sample of RS-I and STR. In the pooled sample we also controlled for sex. The results did not change markedly when 4 or 20 principal components were included; <i>σ_g</i>²/<i>σ_P</i>²: proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the variance of the total additive genetic effects of the 301,115 autosomal SNPs; s.e.: standard error; <i>p</i>-value: <i>p</i>-value from a likelihood ratio (LR) test assuming that the LR is distributed as a 50∶50 mixture of zero and <i>χ</i>₁².</p

Manhattan plots of the self-employment discovery meta-analyses.

<p>Manhattan plot of the self-employment discovery meta-analysis for (A) pooled males and females, (B) males only, and (C) females only. SNPs are plotted on the <i>x</i>-axis according to their position on each chromosome against association with self-employment on the <i>y</i>-axis (shown as −log10 <i>p</i>-value). The solid line indicates the threshold for genome-wide significance (<i>p</i><5×10⁻⁸) and the dashed line the threshold for suggestive SNPs (<i>p</i><1×10⁻⁵).</p

Top SNPs (<i>p</i><1×10⁻⁵) from the self-employment discovery meta-analyses for pooled males and females, males only, and females only.

<p>Chr.: chromosome; Pos.: position; EAF: average effect allele frequency; In the column “direction”, the studies are in the following order: 1. AGES, 2. ASPS, 3. ERF, 4. GHS, 5. H2000, 6. HBCS, 7. HRS, 8. KORA, 9. NFBC1966, 10. NTR1, 11. NTR2, 12. RS-I, 13. RS-II, 14. RS-III, 15. SardINIA, 16. SHIP, 17. THISEAS, 18. TwinsUK (pooled and female sample)/YFS (male sample), 19. YFS (pooled and female sample); A question mark indicates that the SNP was not tested in that specific study; For SNPs that were located close together in the same region, only the most significant SNP is included in the table. The last column shows the number of neighboring SNPs that exceed the threshold for suggestive SNPs.</p

Results of fitting <i>ACE</i>, <i>AE</i>, and <i>CE</i> models to the tendency to engage in self-employment in STR for pooled males and females, males only, and females only.

<p>For pooled males and females the analyses are based on 2,232 twin pairs (1,062 MZ and 1,170 DZ), for males only on 888 twin pairs (419 MZ and 469 DZ), and for females only on 1,344 twin pairs (643 MZ and 701 DZ). The share of self-employed was 21% for the pooled, 32% for the male, and 13% for the female sample. In all samples we controlled for age and in the pooled sample for sex; <i>A</i>: additive genetic component; <i>C</i>: shared common environment component; <i>E</i>: individual-specific environment component; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; <i>χ</i>²: <i>χ</i>² test for goodness-of-fit, the baseline model is the <i>ACE</i> model; AIC: Akaike information criterion.</p