Risk of bias assessment for observational studies (n = 3) excluding prospective cohort studies) using Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.

<p><b>✓</b> Denotes a score of 1 (domain assessment was satisfactory), <b>✗</b> denotes no score (domain assessment was not satisfactory).</p><p>Risk of bias assessment for observational studies (n = 3) excluding prospective cohort studies) using Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.</p

Characteristics of eligible studies (n = 17).

<p>Specific study characteristics and the number of studies that possess each characteristic.</p><p>Characteristics of eligible studies (n = 17).</p

Meta-analysis of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis with oseltamivir against seasonal and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (Individual protection).

<p>Horizontal axis represent odds ratio; Columns represent study authors and year of publication, effect size including pooled estimate of effect, and 95% CI, and the weighting of each study in the meta-analysis.</p

Summary of the literature search and sifting process (PRISMA flow diagram).

<p>CENTRAL = Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; CDSR = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; DARE = Database of Abstracts of Reviews; NHS = National Health Services; HTA = Health Technology Assessment; WHO Global Medical Index = World Health Organization Global Medical Index; OpenSIGLE = System for information on Grey Literature in Europe; CDC = Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention; IFPMA = International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations.</p

Meta-analysis of prophylaxis for households with zanamivir against seasonal influenza.

<p>Horizontal axis represent odds ratio; Columns represent study authors and year of publication, effect size including pooled estimate of effect, and 95% CI, and the weighting of each study in the meta-analysis.</p

Risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane Collaboration tool.

<p>Upper panel: RCTs and prospective cohort studies (n = 14); Lower panel: RCTs only (n = 9).</p

Meta-analysis of prophylaxis for households with oseltamivir against seasonal influenza.

<p>Horizontal axis represent odds ratio; Columns represent study authors and year of publication, effect size including pooled estimate of effect, and 95% CI, and the weighting of each study in the meta-analysis.</p

Meta-analysis of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis with zanamivir against seasonal influenza (individual protection).

<p>Horizontal axis represent odds ratio; Columns represent study authors and year of publication, effect size including pooled estimate of effect, and 95% CI, and the weighting of each study in the meta-analysis.</p