Summary of Mantel tests in zt.

<p>The results of the simple Mantel tests are shown above the diagonal; the results of the partial Mantel tests are shown below the diagonal. r_p: correlation coefficient for Mantel test on population level with 100 thousand randomisations, r_i: correlation coefficient for Mantel test on individual level with 10 thousand randomisations. Corresponding p-values are shown between brackets.</p

Summary of Mantel tests in zt.

<p>The results of the simple Mantel tests are shown above the diagonal; the results of the partial Mantel tests are shown below the diagonal. r_p: correlation coefficient for Mantel test on population level with 100 thousand randomisations, r_i: correlation coefficient for Mantel test on individual level with 10 thousand randomisations. Corresponding p-values are shown between brackets.</p

Summary of Admixture analysis.

<p>IE: Indo-European, TB: Tibeto-Burman, DR: Dravidian, AL: Altaic.</p

MDS plot.

<p>Populations have been colour coded according to linguistic phylum and geographical origin, as is explained within the figure. The population-codes used in this plot are explained in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091534#pone-0091534-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091534#pone.0091534.s005" target="_blank">table S1</a>. The stress values for the dimensions used to construct this plot were 0.333475 and 0.216317 respectively.</p

Results of significance tests for values.

<p> values are grouped by linguistic phylum with each dot representing one population. The median per phylum is indicated by a red line, the boxes surrounding the medians indicate the 25^th and 75^th percentiles and the 5^th and 95^th percentiles are indicated as error-bars. Non-significant results of the Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's multiple comparison test are indicated by lines with the text <i>ns</i> below the values and significant results are indicated by lines with p-values above the values. For the population abbreviations used in the figure, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091534#pone-0091534-t001" target="_blank">tables 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091534#pone.0091534.s005" target="_blank">S1</a>.</p

Distribution of ethnolinguistic groups/pools sampled in Nepal and Bhutan.

<p>Blue dots indicate the approximate geographical centres of the Indo-European groups/pools and red dots indicate the approximate geographical centres of the Tibeto-Burman groups/pools. Populations from Nepal: 1 = Kham, 2 = Chantyal, 3 = Thakali, 4 = Magar, 5 = Dura, 6 = Gurung, 7 = Ghale, 8 = Barām, 9 = Chepang, 10 = Tamang, 11 = Newar, 12 = High caste Newar, 13 = Thangmi, 14 = Sherpa, 15 = Western Kiranti (pool), 16 = Central Kiranti (pool), 17 = Eastern Kiranti (pool), 18 = Limbu (pool), 19 = Dhimal, 20 = Artisanal caste Indo-Aryan (pool), 21 = Bahun, 22 = Chetri, 23 = Tharu, 24 = Majhi, 25 = Kumal, 26 = Danuwar & Kachadiya Danuwar (pool). Populations from Bhutan and India: 27 = Toto (India), 28 = Lhokpu, 29 = Layap, 30 = 'Ngalop, 31 = Lakha, 32 = Mangde, 33 = Black Mountain Mönpa, 34 = Nup, 35 = Bodo (India), 36 = Brokkat, 37 = Bumthang, 38 = Khengpa, 39 = Kurtöp, 40 = Gongduk, 41 = Chali, 42 = Dzala, 43 = Tshangla, 44 = Dakpa, 45 = Brokpa. © John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia.</p