Flow of participants throughout the study.

<p>^aAA, Asian Americans; CA, Caucasian Americans.</p

Physiological Responses to Different Diets in Intervention Group, including drop-outs (Intent-to-treat) (N = 41).

a<p>BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; % B, endothelium-mediated dilation; % N, non-endothelium-mediated dilation; IL, interleukin; TAD, traditional Asian diet; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TWD, typical Western diet.</p>b<p>P-value of the changes observed before and after 8 weeks of TAD (Visit 3-Visit 2).</p>c<p>P-value of the changes observed before and after 8 weeks of TWD (Visit 4-Visit 3).</p>d<p>P-value of the Visit 4-Visit 3 and Visit 3-Visit 2.</p><p>Physiological Responses to Different Diets in Intervention Group, including drop-outs (Intent-to-treat) (N = 41).</p

Gross and Adjusted Correlations with GDR.

<p>Data are presented as Pearson correlation coefficient (R), and corresponding p value. Variables presented: BMI, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (A-FABP), Retinol Binding Protein-4 (RBP-4), Total Body Fat (TBF%) by DEXA, and Truncal Fat percentage (TF%). Type 1 diabetes group (Type 1), Type 2 diabetes group (Type 2). Adjusted correlations with GDR by age, gender and BMI.</p

Baseline characteristics, separated by group.

<p>Data are means ± SD or n (%). ANOVA performed between all 3 groups: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Controls.</p><p>*Auto-antibody positivity to islet cell antigens was determined by serum concentration>0.1 nU/ml for GAD & IA2, expressed as number of individuals (percent positive).</p>‡<p>Chi-Square tests were performed in these categories.</p

Physiological Responses to Different Diets among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans in Intervention Group, including drop-outs (Intent-to-treat).

a<p>BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; % B, endothelium-mediated dilation; % N, non-endothelium-mediated dilation; IL, interleukin; TAD, traditional Asian diet; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TWD, typical Western diet.</p>b<p>P-value of the changes observed before and after 8 weeks of TAD (Visit 3-Visit 2).</p>c<p>P-value of the changes observed before and after 8 weeks of TWD (Visit 4-Visit 3).</p>d<p>P-value of the Visit 4-Visit 3 and Visit 3-Visit 2.</p><p>Physiological Responses to Different Diets among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans in Intervention Group, including drop-outs (Intent-to-treat).</p

Baseline Profile for all participants enrolled Asian Americans vs Caucasian Americans (N = 50).

a<p>BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA_1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; % B, endothelium-mediated dilation; % N, non-endothelium-mediated dilation; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.</p><p>Baseline Profile for all participants enrolled Asian Americans vs Caucasian Americans (N = 50).</p

Relationship between glucose infusion rate (GDR) and various biomarkers for insulin resistance.

<p>Relationship between GDR and Adiponectin, Free fatty acid (FFA), Waist circumference, A-FABP, C-reactive protein (CRP), Total Body Fat (TBF) by DEXA, BMI, and Retinol Binding Protein-4 (RBP-4). Circles = Type 1 group; Squares = Type 2 diabetes group; Triangles = Control group.</p

Generation of SGLT5-deficient mice and their fructose and mannose uptake by renal BBMV s.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of the strategy for targeting the <i>Slc5a10</i> gene. A targeting vector was constructed by inserting a neomycin resistant (<i>neo</i>) gene cassette to disrupt exons 3–6 of the <i>Slc5a10</i> genomic locus on a BAC genomic clone. Arrows indicate PCR primers for genotyping. (B) A representative result of genotyping the offspring obtained by intercrossing heterozygous-deficient mice. Wild type and null alleles are detected as signals of 900 bp and 350 bp, respectively. <i>Wt</i>: Wild type mice, <i>He</i>: Heterozygous null mutant, <i>Ho</i>: Homozygous null mutant. (C) Sodium-dependent uptake of fructose and (D) mannose in BBMVs of WT mice (+/+) and SGLT5-deficient mice (−/−). (E) Sodium-independent uptake of fructose and (F) mannose in BBMVs of WT mice (+/+) and SGLT5-deficient mice (−/−). Data are presented as means ± S.D. Data are derived from 3 independent experiments.</p

Food and water intake in WT (+/+) mice and SGLT5-deficient mice (−/−). Daily intake of

<p>(<b>A</b>) <b>food and</b> (<b>B</b>) <b>water of mice at 17 weeks of age.</b> (C) Calculated daily energy intake. Data are presented as means ± S.E.M (n = 8–10). ### P<0.001 versus respective plain water control.</p

Influence of the long-term consumption of fructose on tissue weight and lipid metabolism.

<p>(A) Plasma triglyceride levels of WT mice (+/+) and SGLT5-deficient mice (−/−). (B) Plasma total cholesterol levels. (C) Weight of epididymal fat. (D) Weight of the liver. (E) Hepatic triglyceride levels. (F) Histopathological analysis of the liver sections. Two sections per mouse were stained with Sudan III. Representative images are shown (scale bar, 50 µm). Data are presented as means ± S.E.M (<i>n</i> = 8–10). * <i>P</i><0.05, *** <i>P</i><0.001 versus WT mice given 30% fructose water. # <i>P</i><0.05, ## <i>P</i><0.01, ### <i>P</i><0.001 versus respective plain water controls.</p