Phoslactomycins from <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. MLA1839 and Their Biological Activities

Phoslactomycins H (<b>1</b>) and I (<b>2</b>), two new members of the phoslactomycin class of chemistry, were isolated from <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. MLA1839 on the basis of their antifungal activities. Their structures were elucidated using extensive NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Phoslactomycin H (<b>1</b>) featured a rare and unprecedented <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylamine substitution at C-4 and existed as a hydroxy acid rather than the more common lactone. Herein, we report the structure of these compounds and their biological activities

Alveolarides: Antifungal Peptides from <i>Microascus alveolaris</i> Active against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Three novel cyclodepsipeptides, alveolarides A (<b>1</b>), B (<b>2</b>), and C (<b>3</b>), each possessing the rare 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyltetradecanoic acid unit and a β-phenylalanine amino acid residue, along with the known peptide scopularide were isolated and identified from the culture broth of <i>Microascus alveolaris</i> strain PF1466. The pure compounds were evaluated for biological activity, and alveolaride A (<b>1</b>) provided strong <i>in vitro</i> activity against the plant pathogens <i>Pyricularia oryzae</i>, <i>Zymoseptoria tritici</i>, and <i>Ustilago maydis</i>. Moderate activity of alveolaride A was observed under <i>in planta</i> conditions against <i>Z. tritici</i>, <i>Puccinia triticina</i>, and <i>Phakopsora pachyrhizi</i>. Structures of <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>3</b> were determined by detailed analysis of NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectrometry data. The partial absolute configuration of alveolaride A (<b>1</b>) was established

Relationship between garden area and the total number of microhabitats and percentage occurrence of three key microhabitat features: lawn, tree and hedge.

<p>Error bars +/−95% confidence intervals.</p

Example relationship between the abundance of all status classified species (sum of increasing, decreasing, and vulnerable) and the abundance of vulnerable species.

<p>There was a strong overall positive relationship. However, plotting and fitting linear regression lines to sites of differing distance to field showed a distinct difference in the abundance of vulnerable species. At sites >2 km away from fields (sites in towns and cities) there was a lower proportion of vulnerable species than at sites adjacent to fields (rural sites).</p

RDA ordination plot of species abundances in relation to explanatory variables describing urbanization level.

<p>Species associated with higher levels of urbanization are situated towards the top right of the two panels. Panel A shows increasing species, panel B shows vulnerable species (abbreviated species names and full species name underlined) and declining species associated with higher levels of urbanization (full species names, not underlined).</p

Example partial plot visualisation of the Latitude Longitude smoother used in the GAMM with total moth abundance as the response variable.

<p>Total abundance was highest in the SE of Britain (compare against map of Britain in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086925#pone-0086925-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>).</p

Model averaged GAMMs of explanatory variable effects for fourteen species of moth.

<p>Parameters in bold are those that were significant at <i>P</i><0.05 for at least one model in the model sets. Values for the latitude longitude smoothing spline are the <i>P</i> values of the spline, together with a description of the effect. Abbreviations are: C = Crambidae, G = Geometridae, N = Noctuidae, Adj. R² = adjusted R², Lat. Long. = latitude longitude, Micro. = garden microhabitats, Alt. = altitude, Urban. = urbanization, D. field = distance to field, D.wood = distance to wood, D.wat = distance to water, Coast = distance to coast, D.s.light = distance to street light, G.size = garden size, N E S W = north east south west, and NS = not significant.</p