Local dietary catchment at Harappa inferred through cluster analysis of faunal isotope ratios.

<p>The structures of the optimal clustering solutions are depicted in Pb-Sr space (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) with each cluster assigned a different color. Solid circles identify the local faunal cluster determined by the four-cluster solutions, dashed circles identity the local faunal cluster determined by the five-cluster solutions. The (A) optimal DBSCAN clustering solution in Pb-Sr space is inferred from (B) a likelihood estimation of all non-trivial DBSCAN clustering solutions. The (C) optimal K-means clustering solution is inferred from (D) the “elbow” in the K-means SSE plot.</p

Local dietary catchment at Rakhigarhi inferred through cluster analysis of faunal isotope ratios.

<p>The structures of the optimal clustering solutions are depicted in Pb-Sr space (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) with each cluster assigned a different color. Solid circles identify the local faunal cluster determined by the four-cluster solutions, dashed circles identity the local faunal cluster determined by the three-cluster solutions. Arrows indicate optimal clustering solutions. The (A) optimal DBSCAN clustering solution in Pb-Sr space is inferred from (B) a likelihood estimation of all non-trivial clustering solutions. The (C) optimal K-means clustering solution is inferred from (D) the “elbow” in the K-means SSE plot.</p

Map of the Indus Civilization culture area with locations mentioned in the text.

<p>Dashed line indicates approximate boundary between geochemical catchments. Catchment A, including the Potwar Plateau and adjacent drainages of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram, is relatively less radiogenic than Catchment B, including the Punjab tributaries that drain the Greater and Lesser Himalayas.</p

Heavy isotope ratio scatter plots of Indus Civilization human tooth enamel.

<p>Data are sorted by tooth type and plotted against inferred local ranges (indicated by black boxes). Arrows emphasize the broad progression from non-local first molars to local third molars. Relative to local sediment leachates and Rakhigarhi fauna, Farmana first molars have non-local distributions in (A) Pb-Sr space (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and (B) Pb-Pb space (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs.²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb). Relative to local fauna, Harappa first molars have non-local distributions in (C) Pb-Sr space (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and (D) Pb-Pb space (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs.²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb).</p

Two hypothesized Sr mixing systems based on Harappa and Farmana human data.

<p>The less radiogenic mixing system (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr < ~0.716) is likely associated with Catchment A in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123103#pone.0123103.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. The more radiogenic mixing system (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr > ~0.716) is likely associated with Catchment B.</p

Convergence on local isotopic environments over developmental time.

<p>Heavy isotope ratio (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) developmental series progress through early, middle, and late childhood at (A) Farmana (n = 11) and (B) Harappa (n = 3). One highly radiogenic Farmana individual is not visible at this scale, and one Harappa individual is excluded because the early-life residence change is recorded only by oxygen isotope values.</p