A History of Universalism: Conceptions of the Internationality of Science from the Enlightenment to the Cold War

That science is fundamentally universal has been proclaimed innumerable times. But the precise geographical meaning of this universality has changed historically. This article examines conceptions of scientific internationalism from the Enlightenment to the Cold War, and their varying relations to cosmopolitanism, nationalism, socialism, and 'the West'. These views are confronted with recent tendencies to cast science as a uniquely European product

An den Magum in Norden

AN DEN MAGUM IN NORDEN An den Magum in Norden ([1]

The biology of war /

Translation of Die Biologie das Krieges.Contents.--Introduction.--War instincts.--War and the struggle for life.--Selection by means of war.--The chosen people.--How war is being metamorphosed.--How the army has been transformed.--Wherein patriotism is rooted.--Different species of patriotism.--Unjustifiable chauvinism.--The legitimate individualism of nations.--Altruism.--How war may be abolished: The evolution of the idea of the world as an organism. The world as an organism. The transformation in human judgement. War and religion.Mode of access: Internet